tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23371677805646462112024-02-21T00:20:55.521-08:00Wild HarvestsWild food experiments and personal foraging accounts from the Pacific Northwest centering on Northwest Washington and Southern Vancouver IslandT. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comBlogger134125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-12619466462273484962021-05-17T10:13:00.003-07:002021-05-17T10:13:48.988-07:00Wetland Plant ID Class<p> <b style="color: blue;">ESCI 477 WETLAND PLANT IDENTIFICATION</b></p><div><br /></div><div>This <span style="color: #006600;">IN PERSON FIELD CLASS </span>meets MWF June 21-July 9 for 8 all day field trips.</div><div><br /></div><p>Learn to Identify wetland plants found in the freshwater marshes, salt marshes, bogs, fens, wet meadows, and swamps of Western Washington through a combination of lectures, labs, and intensive field study.</p><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk5Cx1ZjFxXnyNOHJaE8E51tU-HM-pfnusmPOoAKQlWNnfMq3ihJhTgsTHes887KtN4DwG0P9atCVwnDodvAd6QxzDMHE3kBLSFy5w1DK2wdxoiTdJgaQxed8Qn2q5I4wQ37ELVPd-MZU/s2637/IMG_0142+ESCI+497W+Wetland+Plant+ID+class+photo+Summer+Lake+Bog+%25283%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1192" data-original-width="2637" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk5Cx1ZjFxXnyNOHJaE8E51tU-HM-pfnusmPOoAKQlWNnfMq3ihJhTgsTHes887KtN4DwG0P9atCVwnDodvAd6QxzDMHE3kBLSFy5w1DK2wdxoiTdJgaQxed8Qn2q5I4wQ37ELVPd-MZU/s320/IMG_0142+ESCI+497W+Wetland+Plant+ID+class+photo+Summer+Lake+Bog+%25283%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Who should take this course:</div><div><ul><li>Students preparing for a career in wetland ecology</li><li>Professionals eager to master challenging groups of plants such as sedges, rushes, and grasses</li><li>Botanist looking to expand their knowledge of specialized groups of plants</li><li>Lovers of Natural History wanting to explore the most pristine wetlands in Washington's fourth (best) corner</li></ul><div>Instructor:</div></div><div>T. Abe Lloyd is the former president of the Koma Kulshan Chapter of the Washington Native Plant Society and an Instructor at WWU. He has been studying the plants of this region for nearly 30 years.</div><div><br /></div><div>Register online https://summer.wwu.edu/field-study-and-study-usa-courses </div><div><br /></div></div><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-2156624711475200702019-09-16T11:31:00.001-07:002019-09-21T21:18:12.966-07:00How to Eat a Bulrush<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsf_a31wpAKhXDIgrehRBCSVyI_Z_omTzdU0S1UvqXiD5IJzkpCHj25ZlBQWDU7BHxIRmhzGdw_5u2QoTM-GAdJUxxk0adRfARIPsQ1TFJ0C7BHbevXo2xXPfKpB2vjWDPnHaQXKLimGQ/s1600/IMG_0806+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontanii+Softstem+Bulrush+rhizome+good.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsf_a31wpAKhXDIgrehRBCSVyI_Z_omTzdU0S1UvqXiD5IJzkpCHj25ZlBQWDU7BHxIRmhzGdw_5u2QoTM-GAdJUxxk0adRfARIPsQ1TFJ0C7BHbevXo2xXPfKpB2vjWDPnHaQXKLimGQ/s320/IMG_0806+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontanii+Softstem+Bulrush+rhizome+good.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Softstem Bulrush (<i>Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</i>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I don’t usually start an educational article by trying to
prove how confusing something is, but bulrushes are a bane for many botanists
and a nightmare for ethnographers. There are a few understandable reasons for
this disdain. First, many of the species have close relatives that are
challenging to differentiate from one another. For example, of eight common
bulrushes in Western Washington, four have close look-a-likes that share
similar habitat: Cottongrass Bulrush (<i>Scirpus </i>cyperinus) and Small
Fruited Bulrush (<i>S. microcarpus</i>) both have leafy stems with 50-100 small
spikelets; Maritime Bulrush (<i>Bolboschoenus maritimus</i>) and River Bulrush
(<i>B. fluviatilis</i>) both have broadly triangular, leafy stems with 5-20 large
spikelets; Hardstem Bulrush (<i>Schoenoplectus acutus</i>) and Softstem
Bulrush (<i>S. tabernaemontani</i>) both have round leafless stems; and American
Threesquare (<i>S. americanus</i>) and Common Threesquare (<i>S. pungens</i>)
both have triangular stems with only a couple leaves and flower heads. In fact,
I had thought the last two names were synonyms for the same plant until I began
writing this article. Secondly, bulrushes grow in marshes with thick mud that can
pulls your boots off and choke you with rotten-egg stench, vegetation that can
tear up your legs, and mosquitoes and leaches that can suck your blood. Who
knows what other dangers lurk in murk. Finally, to make
matters worse, both the common names and scientific names for bulrushes have not
only changed frequently over time, but they have also been applied to the wrong
species, or multiple species. Frankly, understanding bulrushes is messy
business both literally and figuratively.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
As my love for plants has grown, I have been increasingly
drawn to challenging groups. While in college in Wisconsin, I became interested
in the Cyperaceae—the family containing sedges and bulrushes—and spent three
years experimentally restoring an old field to a sedge meadow for my senior
capstone project. Naturally, native seeds were needed for this project, so I
spent one day a week throughout the summer collecting sedge and bulrush seeds,
efforts that earned me the title “Abe sedge seed.” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Despite this interest, I had never heard of any edible
parts of bulrushes until a few years ago, when Sam Thayer excitedly told me
about his first taste of River Bulrush (<i>Bolboschoenus fluviatilis</i>). He proclaimed
the tuberous roots to be sweet and delicious raw. With piqued curiosity, I set
out to better understand what is going on beneath our various bulrushes.</div>
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<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>The species</b></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv1xQsEkD6brslj5P87ZifeqPXmd6RpuzvskEfItd6yylf_Gmlt8_oD5lIx9XuYUcS0K79tAuL_TIG4bxFPQIIE9gPDTrYr_OKb_MmSMtP3n2qW9og9tJu1urcmD3hlBLQFdbh9ZDs-wo/s1600/Sedges+have+edges+Sedge+vs.+Rush+vs.+Grass+diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="885" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv1xQsEkD6brslj5P87ZifeqPXmd6RpuzvskEfItd6yylf_Gmlt8_oD5lIx9XuYUcS0K79tAuL_TIG4bxFPQIIE9gPDTrYr_OKb_MmSMtP3n2qW9og9tJu1urcmD3hlBLQFdbh9ZDs-wo/s320/Sedges+have+edges+Sedge+vs.+Rush+vs.+Grass+diagram.jpg" width="287" /></a>With bulrushes, the old botanical mnemonic, “sedges have
edges, rushes are round, and grasses have joints [swollen nodes] all the way to
the ground,” doesn’t hold the water they grow in. As members of the Sedge
Family (<i>Cyperaceae</i>), many bulrushes have the normal triangular cross
section, but a few species have round stems, like the Rush Family (<i>Juncaceae</i>).
However, there are easily discernible differences. Bulrushes (and sedges in
general) have simplified flowers and seeds with a single scale below each
flower. Each bulrush flower produces a single seed. By comparison, rushes have
more developed flower parts with six tepals surrounding a capsule that contains
multiple seeds.<br />
<br /></div>
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As far as I know, the edible bulrushes are limited to
three genera, <i>Schoenoplectus, Bolboschoenus, </i>and <i>Cyperus</i>. The
former two have been split from the otherwise inedible genus <i>Scirpus</i> by
most modern botanists, a treatment which suits me because their botanical
differences have real world meaning. In this article, I describe the more
common members of <i>Schoenoplectus</i>, <i>Bolboschoenus, </i>and <i>Cyperus</i>. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQMT9bEQbsxzS9aLLKAjUJnS8eImeg6Rwg-egjSBRvUC0HgS4tG5WIkBf50exX0lCrwheBL6hLWTagzXVpfjoRNROgv_y0y60mg_AcRXnISYTn-Aaw5b9h18KrKT5IBor07V13U_ZQ4Ho/s1600/PNW+Bulrush+Key.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="677" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQMT9bEQbsxzS9aLLKAjUJnS8eImeg6Rwg-egjSBRvUC0HgS4tG5WIkBf50exX0lCrwheBL6hLWTagzXVpfjoRNROgv_y0y60mg_AcRXnISYTn-Aaw5b9h18KrKT5IBor07V13U_ZQ4Ho/s400/PNW+Bulrush+Key.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u>Softstem Bulrush</u> and <u>Hardstem Bulrush (<i>Schoenoplectus
tabernaemontani</i></u> and <u><i>S. acutus</i>).</u><br />
<u><i><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsKhg3xMbwL_CxzgXixzFV3ciugU5zQmlgkF4CuPntQDK63NG5HeLFRejch4pGRZQDoQw79cnlwhgeStz_Vbi6ZMj260N8-8HhF9mGApZ_mtE_MdFKpdnKwXab8A2sctWudPkNQ9Akp30/s1600/IMG_0935+Schoenoplectus+Tabernaemontani+vs.+S.+acutus+stem+cross+section+good+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1138" data-original-width="1600" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsKhg3xMbwL_CxzgXixzFV3ciugU5zQmlgkF4CuPntQDK63NG5HeLFRejch4pGRZQDoQw79cnlwhgeStz_Vbi6ZMj260N8-8HhF9mGApZ_mtE_MdFKpdnKwXab8A2sctWudPkNQ9Akp30/s200/IMG_0935+Schoenoplectus+Tabernaemontani+vs.+S.+acutus+stem+cross+section+good+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Softstem (L) and Hardstem (R) sections</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</i></u></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlqY4p6pQqaFqKAP3K6vLUWZfDY70Ld5Zh54I0A8mPUzCgO1KeQmloQH11wdUlXY4O_7xrhYnJLdMioR3Oej2HtKq2JDZ12aII-In_6C3u9DRNy_nczE-eF-UcRNMi9DTuM_Ige0ktVgc/s1600/IMG_3705+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontani+vs.+S.+acutus+infloresence.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1361" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlqY4p6pQqaFqKAP3K6vLUWZfDY70Ld5Zh54I0A8mPUzCgO1KeQmloQH11wdUlXY4O_7xrhYnJLdMioR3Oej2HtKq2JDZ12aII-In_6C3u9DRNy_nczE-eF-UcRNMi9DTuM_Ige0ktVgc/s320/IMG_3705+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontani+vs.+S.+acutus+infloresence.jpg" width="272" /></a>These two herbaceous perennial species die back to a thick
fleshy rhizome every year. Reaching 3-9’ in height, they are the tallest
bulrushes in Washington and Oregon. They both have round stems that lack leaves
altogether, and inflorescences that arise laterally on the stem. Strikingly
similar, I find the best way to tell them apart is to feel the stems and cut
them to examine their cross sections. Softstem Bulrushes compress easily,
almost as if there is no pith inside; these spongy cells are loosely packed usually
numbering about 5-12 across the diameter. In contrast, you can feel the pith
push back when compressing Hardstem Bulrushes, and when sliced, they reveal
much more tightly packed cells with 18-30 across the diameter. Those with a hand
lens may also examine the scales below each seed. Hardstem Bulrush scales have
a contorted awn at the tip and a midrib that is nearly the same color as the
rest of the scale whereas those of Softstem Bulrush have a straight or only
slightly bent awn and a highly contrasting midrib (Hitchcock). Both inhabit
lakes, sloughs, marshes, and ditches throughout the Pacific Northwest. I
usually see Softstem Bulrush more in estuarine salt marshes, and Hardstem
Bulrush more in freshwater marshes and lakeshores, but they do not break
cleanly along these habitat differences.<br />
<br /></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIbCsfRG-bU8GhIAl6ZrZryI0izjvu6tdkFs7zCC8TT1X9NDI8ixjYZdFHscNIajP2f6vDYpsaX7x0Mctl9KK-1hzkn17BU2X1iV7cLFPZRlZWARzO6rAud_LD3UWgdlAewBFCNv6pKPM/s1600/IMG_3669+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontani+Salt+Marsh+Habitat+Port+Susan+Bay.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIbCsfRG-bU8GhIAl6ZrZryI0izjvu6tdkFs7zCC8TT1X9NDI8ixjYZdFHscNIajP2f6vDYpsaX7x0Mctl9KK-1hzkn17BU2X1iV7cLFPZRlZWARzO6rAud_LD3UWgdlAewBFCNv6pKPM/s320/IMG_3669+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontani+Salt+Marsh+Habitat+Port+Susan+Bay.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sofstem Bulrush in saltmarsh</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSu4-SpUiMBfCgUvT7fzS841PX6Kk2uwPO6lsinfkwzcWCIpyapyxhpDbQ0fFxou-dupkvHRHGFGWETMEWTA6jGob-YrgOwhORLjmUDlNxq64MtmHoyxu0GGG66cDG3aaL7rLEDlqJ_dE/s1600/IMG_3517+Schoenoplectus+acutus+Tennant+Lake.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSu4-SpUiMBfCgUvT7fzS841PX6Kk2uwPO6lsinfkwzcWCIpyapyxhpDbQ0fFxou-dupkvHRHGFGWETMEWTA6jGob-YrgOwhORLjmUDlNxq64MtmHoyxu0GGG66cDG3aaL7rLEDlqJ_dE/s320/IMG_3517+Schoenoplectus+acutus+Tennant+Lake.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hardstem Bulrush in fresh marsh</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
A third species, <u>California Bulrush (<i>S. californicus</i>)</u>
grows in Oregon and California and looks similar to the others but has a
slightly three-sided stem that can reach 12’ tall! Very few other plants in
North America can grow as tall in a single growing season.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6crt4b1l6ETYVSNWJM12G3Hcw1BrN_Iwi-5BXhRzloMrNVwuPr9yicQ0OJ93iAia4tdDqmS9Eu76ghordskBGKl8UCxfDCgMeca2qvU09pfjF2zZQI_4FgF-SG4CLgX-6yS2aQPigiP4/s1600/Schoenoplectus+californicus+California+Bulrush+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6crt4b1l6ETYVSNWJM12G3Hcw1BrN_Iwi-5BXhRzloMrNVwuPr9yicQ0OJ93iAia4tdDqmS9Eu76ghordskBGKl8UCxfDCgMeca2qvU09pfjF2zZQI_4FgF-SG4CLgX-6yS2aQPigiP4/s200/Schoenoplectus+californicus+California+Bulrush+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">California Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij0FC-8Vnz7HgywUEIBPbRHdV1qhSAvybPf7AO-WNdOJa6JDNtgFAlOlijZYTj6QQzemk23SmjPCWD7MEFq5vKWfePMMHX7yr8R3CWB_AncdzMQ82UzEMC0WJFDquXFthKHFWaJ_Ui8GQ/s1600/Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontanii+Softstem+Bulrush+distripution+Map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij0FC-8Vnz7HgywUEIBPbRHdV1qhSAvybPf7AO-WNdOJa6JDNtgFAlOlijZYTj6QQzemk23SmjPCWD7MEFq5vKWfePMMHX7yr8R3CWB_AncdzMQ82UzEMC0WJFDquXFthKHFWaJ_Ui8GQ/s200/Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontanii+Softstem+Bulrush+distripution+Map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hardstem & Softstem Bulrushes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<u>Maritime Bulrush, River Bulrush</u>, and <u>Sturdy
Bulrush (<i>Bolboschoenus maritimus</i>, <i>B. fluviatilis</i></u><i>, </i>and<i><u> B.
robustus</u></i><u>)</u></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXj5byF4Ke-G-jYr0pEMbZjbL8cZ6dm7VaJhlwAd7d5FwZNlI_CWIozyYIhCiZkfF3vAFNXKwbKtE3wxX1HhL6JSRxsXGUI4NB0ECQ-Tu4NZkVVt8SD8AGbcm3ia6JyWJehwneZA7JKog/s1600/IMG_3748+Bolboschoenus+maritimus+vs+B.+fluviatilus+Port+Susan+Bay+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1268" data-original-width="1600" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXj5byF4Ke-G-jYr0pEMbZjbL8cZ6dm7VaJhlwAd7d5FwZNlI_CWIozyYIhCiZkfF3vAFNXKwbKtE3wxX1HhL6JSRxsXGUI4NB0ECQ-Tu4NZkVVt8SD8AGbcm3ia6JyWJehwneZA7JKog/s320/IMG_3748+Bolboschoenus+maritimus+vs+B.+fluviatilus+Port+Susan+Bay+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maritime Bulrush (left) and River Bulrush (right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
These three herbaceous perennials die back to thin
rhizomes that produce hard nut-like over-wintering corms. They have leafy stems
that are strongly triangular in cross section on the upper half but may have
slightly rounded corners near the base. All three have terminal spikes of
flowers and seeds, though leaf-like bracts often extend around and above their
inflorescences. Distinguishing the three species is best done by examining
their height, and characteristics of the spikes and seeds (achenes). Maritime
Bulrush is usually 1-4’ tall with a compact clump of sessile spikes that are
less than 1” long (although a few may be on short stalk) and 2-sided seeds.
River Bulrush is a larger species at 3-5’ tall and has more loosely packed
spikes that are greater than 1” long, and three-sided seeds that sink in water
and have an elliptical profile. Sturdy Bulrush is 1.4-5’ tall with a loose
clump of fat, cylindrical spikes that average about 1” long, and three-sided
seeds with rounded tops that float on water. </div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT1Oqbtrx9sMs7M41cuDZ0gEAYa9n8xDE4mOsF4I5IVOtEzhRBksnu1bsKU_lhrfueI8aH3ebusTE6c7MxvJxFnErtYjwu0pq-bObtSIV_bbsTj_FfqP3DTDebvpmi53K0dsePcNYKj44/s1600/IMG_3696+Bolboschoenus+maritimus+Port+Susan+Bay.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT1Oqbtrx9sMs7M41cuDZ0gEAYa9n8xDE4mOsF4I5IVOtEzhRBksnu1bsKU_lhrfueI8aH3ebusTE6c7MxvJxFnErtYjwu0pq-bObtSIV_bbsTj_FfqP3DTDebvpmi53K0dsePcNYKj44/s320/IMG_3696+Bolboschoenus+maritimus+Port+Susan+Bay.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maritime Bulrush in saltmarsh</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgheCr1pACj9gWQCRHUm5vKpAuujs4Npgja3OmnQO1-4gqrPuj74st706tta-ZkPCMs6ersl1CGxzzflMl9W2wFzsTaMNoWCvTNfSB5xPtpc8-0BnxMvkUIhTN4TomOahCCuTn0ooY-9EM/s1600/IMG_4102+Bolboschoenus+maritimus+fluviatilis+River+Bulrush+Habitat+Goose+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgheCr1pACj9gWQCRHUm5vKpAuujs4Npgja3OmnQO1-4gqrPuj74st706tta-ZkPCMs6ersl1CGxzzflMl9W2wFzsTaMNoWCvTNfSB5xPtpc8-0BnxMvkUIhTN4TomOahCCuTn0ooY-9EM/s320/IMG_4102+Bolboschoenus+maritimus+fluviatilis+River+Bulrush+Habitat+Goose+Island.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">River Bulrush in estuary</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Maritime Bulrush is very common in salt marshes at the
low end of the high marsh, as well as sloughs and ditches near the ocean and
along large river systems, from Vancouver Island southward with a disjunct
population near Anchorage. River Bulrush is only found sporadically in the
fresher and higher parts of estuarine marshes. I know it only from the mouths
of the Stillaguamish and Samish Rivers, but herbarium records show it in a few
other locations throughout our region. Sturdy Bulrush is only found in brackish
marshes along the California coast, and in the Central Valley.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ7ENpvDCLGzZrhp6idu0GhWzjIR-WmUTj7nOgO7h5N4bvefwG-xBAZhi2O5mpm3iQf1l5zgmYzKk3K6Gned-n5SSWsTkMAuuF3519GyrpZvCvGfhniMEqerUXuvAYOzJ6LO5imkoC0Pg/s1600/Bolboschoenus+maritimus+Maritime+Bulrush+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ7ENpvDCLGzZrhp6idu0GhWzjIR-WmUTj7nOgO7h5N4bvefwG-xBAZhi2O5mpm3iQf1l5zgmYzKk3K6Gned-n5SSWsTkMAuuF3519GyrpZvCvGfhniMEqerUXuvAYOzJ6LO5imkoC0Pg/s200/Bolboschoenus+maritimus+Maritime+Bulrush+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maritime Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVT3a71sXfLj48lc9f3FrVWmjw3q5QqA5dKmUBbQsMKxvB04EYnHI77JJCMD7rGfSWb8yqkE2Nw-FfZLf6yucPiBsrb-Bp-O0RXzemAtEh3VgMuN5FbOV3cNIzA8XtJwtSvTp3Vhm2VGI/s1600/Bolboschoenus+robustus+Sturdy+Bulrush+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVT3a71sXfLj48lc9f3FrVWmjw3q5QqA5dKmUBbQsMKxvB04EYnHI77JJCMD7rGfSWb8yqkE2Nw-FfZLf6yucPiBsrb-Bp-O0RXzemAtEh3VgMuN5FbOV3cNIzA8XtJwtSvTp3Vhm2VGI/s200/Bolboschoenus+robustus+Sturdy+Bulrush+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sturdy Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZUlnGAloMk49DhPUoQsJnmYgtjiUDS8AF3V-YRbMPFT3BADWoGE2fVq9RUdrH-51GnyQE6qbkKUz8LUV6NDaIR8ykdWkiaNe7cIdBbytFklfQzHvaznyvc-auE6mgShauTUgHG0rry08/s1600/Bolboschoenus+fluviatilis+River+Bulrush+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZUlnGAloMk49DhPUoQsJnmYgtjiUDS8AF3V-YRbMPFT3BADWoGE2fVq9RUdrH-51GnyQE6qbkKUz8LUV6NDaIR8ykdWkiaNe7cIdBbytFklfQzHvaznyvc-auE6mgShauTUgHG0rry08/s200/Bolboschoenus+fluviatilis+River+Bulrush+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">River Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdablXKMvXO8faEbL9AuwiEc_RziH8wALZA8-g1nVDJ5j8tczhmoLWQuZkAb3pUmhLp2HIS0sItWwKe2huMoIeOFbwsZD7ecHGLUy05YzTRl478fdONbDRGVx1mcovp26e1hQfpWRIZMo/s1600/Cyperus+esculentus+Chufa+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdablXKMvXO8faEbL9AuwiEc_RziH8wALZA8-g1nVDJ5j8tczhmoLWQuZkAb3pUmhLp2HIS0sItWwKe2huMoIeOFbwsZD7ecHGLUy05YzTRl478fdONbDRGVx1mcovp26e1hQfpWRIZMo/s200/Cyperus+esculentus+Chufa+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chufa</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<i><u>Chufa</u></i> and <u>Purple Nutsedge (<i>Cyperus
esculentus</i></u><i> </i>and <i><u>C. rutundus</u></i><u>)</u> die back to
thin rhizomes that produce nut-like over-wintering tubers. They both have leafy
stems that are strongly triangular in cross section, and sweet-scented foliage.
Flowers are arranged neatly in two ranks forming flattened spikelets. These spikelets
form open spikes on long stalks that look a little like chimney sweeps or bottle
brushes. They are best differentiated from each other by the color of their
flower bracts: yellowish in <i>Chufa </i>and purplish in Purple Nutsedge. <i>Chufa
</i>is intolerant of salt water and evidently avoids the maritime climate near
the ocean. In the Pacific Northwest, it appears to be limited to the large
river drainages such as the Fraser, Nisqually, Columbia, Snake, Willamette, and
Sacramento rivers with some records from small rivers and drainage ditches,
especially outside of our area in Southern California. Purple Nutsedge is found
in disturbed soils along agricultural fields and is evidently naturalized in
California (<a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_keys.php?key=8905">Jepson
eFlora</a>).</div>
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<br /></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrVfpAUKloawpKGEk_0dE9wbg1LnChf5VXdbu7PNH39g14lFew7pOHPMm23VT6wPnD6zNFFiY1Pga7cuZcuAC4dm7sV3DYJPB3NV4uq00oZM8lPnILni4OlFWwhcmf7zSAothKaEswBXk/s1600/IMG_1664+Cyperus+esculenta+Chuffa+Sacremento+NWR.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrVfpAUKloawpKGEk_0dE9wbg1LnChf5VXdbu7PNH39g14lFew7pOHPMm23VT6wPnD6zNFFiY1Pga7cuZcuAC4dm7sV3DYJPB3NV4uq00oZM8lPnILni4OlFWwhcmf7zSAothKaEswBXk/s400/IMG_1664+Cyperus+esculenta+Chuffa+Sacremento+NWR.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chufa at the Sacremento NWR</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Harvest and Preparation</b></div>
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-P8NL8gyarmTb6J5Uow98zzEBFm4LAOZhicocs5Gpol6ukQS44qCyeN1M3qkj6Gx_737KzCCx0lhBAtXzp8kXKqaXXZvO7mkP8ar22VZjQqaoRsCu1RS7g9XTn0wzrLp2FGwmA0oMths/s1600/IMG_0819+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontanii+Softstem+Bulrush+rhizome+good+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-P8NL8gyarmTb6J5Uow98zzEBFm4LAOZhicocs5Gpol6ukQS44qCyeN1M3qkj6Gx_737KzCCx0lhBAtXzp8kXKqaXXZvO7mkP8ar22VZjQqaoRsCu1RS7g9XTn0wzrLp2FGwmA0oMths/s320/IMG_0819+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontanii+Softstem+Bulrush+rhizome+good+sq+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edible rhizome of Softstem Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I have harvested Softstem Bulrush rhizomes in the middle
of June and the end of August. In June the rhizome was ¾” thick by 3” long with
white skin and very delicate flesh. When raw it was bland with no disagreeable
flavors. In August, the rhizome was 1” thick by 5” long and had started to
sprout next year’s shoot, indicating it was at full length. The skin was still
white but the texture was much more firm. In cross section, the flesh looked
very much like a cattail rhizome, except that the outer spongy layer was almost
imperceptibly thin. Raw, the flavor was bland with a hint of sweetness; cooked
it was even more bland and stained red for mysterious reasons (possibly a
reaction with minerals in my well water?). Since few starches are all that good
boiled alone, I conclude that these sizeable roots have promise as a source of
calories that take even less time to process than cattails (but aren’t as
tasty).</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd9Jimq8t2zXmPwuATilmYWINRHgkgxNakU6coP_8U1EastEqra5NsWNagoLsS19pWJ7xY388FJ3MSLE6W6QtrAcyX9HMX0bRVR34qfW2OGmXyNLVdShFg37srCoZTVazzV6Rg8aHgYiE/s1600/IMG_0821+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontanii+Softstem+Bulrush+rhizome+peeled+good+.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd9Jimq8t2zXmPwuATilmYWINRHgkgxNakU6coP_8U1EastEqra5NsWNagoLsS19pWJ7xY388FJ3MSLE6W6QtrAcyX9HMX0bRVR34qfW2OGmXyNLVdShFg37srCoZTVazzV6Rg8aHgYiE/s320/IMG_0821+Schoenoplectus+tabernaemontanii+Softstem+Bulrush+rhizome+peeled+good+.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Peeled rhizome of Sofstem Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOkCxeIJV5jRgs2bQdG8NsKa5lgcus7BiO5zBCpW9EJraBu0U9EeDaZd02VqaSLCm-M6USu7_2GFF6MAOF7LnsCPa4M78sqhBgw14O1kPn-dOqzs_3SwcuTzR9mpqZTnKnMRXF_Iy9_aY/s1600/IMG_0966+Schoenoplectus+acutus+Hardstem+Bulrush+root+Tennant+Lake+good+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOkCxeIJV5jRgs2bQdG8NsKa5lgcus7BiO5zBCpW9EJraBu0U9EeDaZd02VqaSLCm-M6USu7_2GFF6MAOF7LnsCPa4M78sqhBgw14O1kPn-dOqzs_3SwcuTzR9mpqZTnKnMRXF_Iy9_aY/s320/IMG_0966+Schoenoplectus+acutus+Hardstem+Bulrush+root+Tennant+Lake+good+sq+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edible rhizome core of Hardstem Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I harvested Hardstem Bulrush in early September. The
rhizome was roughly an inch in diameter and more than a foot long with white
skins and black triangular bracts at regular intervals. A cross section revealed
a thin hard starch core surrounded by a thick layer of spongy tissue, exactly
like a cattail rhizome. The core was easier to peal than a cattail rhizome and
raw it had a mild sweet flavor with bitter aftertaste. The core was very fibrous.
I suspect that the rhizome size, stringiness, and flavor all vary seasonally.</div>
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<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjinX6BXQGjI_ogj6BK2wqseTqc5auqx508FAgivv9cUmoQMwViWtjzaAgZAKW-PlPFBK9C3Qncak8LB-cxgp3uCb9-oj9zZPFFSIm6SwXazuOoxerddUfQt0siO6R7lTAbI1BLWsxt_38/s1600/IMG_9430+Bolboschoenus+Scirpus+maritima+Maritime+Bulrush+roots+Craft+Island+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjinX6BXQGjI_ogj6BK2wqseTqc5auqx508FAgivv9cUmoQMwViWtjzaAgZAKW-PlPFBK9C3Qncak8LB-cxgp3uCb9-oj9zZPFFSIm6SwXazuOoxerddUfQt0siO6R7lTAbI1BLWsxt_38/s320/IMG_9430+Bolboschoenus+Scirpus+maritima+Maritime+Bulrush+roots+Craft+Island+sq+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edible corm and young stem of Maritime Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I harvested Maritime Bulrush corms in early and mid-June,
early July, and early September. The edible portion is really the enlarged
underground base of each plant that develops an egg-like shell over the course of
the growing season. In early June, the corms were about 5/8” across with white
skin and tender flesh that was deliciously sweet raw. By July the corms were 1”
across and more pear shaped. The outer skins had blackened, but the shell of
the corm was still white and soft enough to eat fresh. It was very sweet. In
September the plants were senescing, and the corms had purplish black skin with
a shell that was reddish brown. The shells and flesh were so hard it was
difficult to cut them with a sharp knife. The flesh was white but too hard to
eat raw or cooked. Perhaps at this late season it could be ground into flour.
The Snow Geese root for these corms in the winter and use rocks in their
gizzard to grind them into meal.</div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDfOWahCMQ-A7bGTYAO7hx7e2uvNuYCKcrfroDlj8lYi1VNe4Kd6Di90f-_4esds_47te2pRuCBodR86uj0_h2mdFQGD8Sx6L4NgxGbnkCYkeBGUX6ar7X8asd7pqe3lUYNteQ9ELXTv4/s1600/IMG_0886+Bolboschoenus+fluviatilus+Port+Susan+Bay+good+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDfOWahCMQ-A7bGTYAO7hx7e2uvNuYCKcrfroDlj8lYi1VNe4Kd6Di90f-_4esds_47te2pRuCBodR86uj0_h2mdFQGD8Sx6L4NgxGbnkCYkeBGUX6ar7X8asd7pqe3lUYNteQ9ELXTv4/s320/IMG_0886+Bolboschoenus+fluviatilus+Port+Susan+Bay+good+sq+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hard corms of River Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
My experience with River Bulrush is more limited to the
late season (when they were hard as a rock), but their roots appear the same as
Maritime Bulrush. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
I have never eaten <i>Chufa</i>, so all I can do is pass
on the anecdote that I hear they have tasty tubers.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Ethnobotany</b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Historical accounts concerning bulrush edibility are frustratingly
difficult to attribute to a distinct species. I suspect this ambiguity is either
the result of poor botanical knowledge on the part of ethnographers, leading
them to unknowingly lump multiple species into a single account, or Indigenous
groups using the same name for multiple species with very similar qualities. Many
of the early accounts I review below use the common name <i>tule</i>. <i>Tule </i>usually
refers to the tall species of bulrush (Softstem, Hardstem, and California
Bulrushes), although confusingly, it is sometimes attributed to cattail (<i>Typha
spp.</i>), which is not in the same plant family as the bulrushes. The word <i>tule
</i>evidently comes from the Aztec word <i>tullin </i>or <i>tollin</i> for
aquatic bulrushes- a word that was first adopted by the Spanish in Mexico and
later by English speaking Americans (Small 2013). If using a twice borrowed
common name for multiple species in two different plant families wasn’t befuddling
enough, horsetails or “scouring rushes” (<i>Equisetum </i>spp.) are also
confused in the ethnographic record under the common name “rush” (see Swan 1857
pg 88 and Eells 1885, 1985) and/or called by the same Indigenous name in some
cultures (see Turner et al. 1990 pg 116). The similarities are numerous: bulrushes,
cattails, and horsetail all grow in wetlands, have spongy, linear leaves that
can be used in weaving, and several have edible roots.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5qML9gZuh86jJ2b721hJRaqWRziZq_x9KqAFzh36gOKVCdmbjaANLBOyuQrAcopDzV3wX9o4ys-CWpE0xF6wDs52jbyfN75F_zhJFfp3_OTFOjTmypa9hTxH4IZeflTI0bQK6S0tJ2VM/s1600/ct09045r+Curtis+Drying+Tules+Cowichan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="640" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5qML9gZuh86jJ2b721hJRaqWRziZq_x9KqAFzh36gOKVCdmbjaANLBOyuQrAcopDzV3wX9o4ys-CWpE0xF6wDs52jbyfN75F_zhJFfp3_OTFOjTmypa9hTxH4IZeflTI0bQK6S0tJ2VM/s400/ct09045r+Curtis+Drying+Tules+Cowichan.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edward Curtis's photograph of Tule drying for basketweaving by the Cowichan People c. 1910.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</div>
<br /></div>
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On the topic of terminology, also note that I use the
word “root” throughout this account to be consistent with the authors I quote. Botanists
call an underground horizontal stem a “rhizome,” an underground storage organ a
“tuber,” and an enlarged stem base a “corm.” Given these caveats, I present the
following review of literature concerning edible bulrushes in the Pacific
Northwest.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
While traveling in the Columbia River watershed in Oregon
and Washington in the early 1820s, the pioneering botanist David Douglas (1914)
observed that the tender white shoots of a 4-10’ tall species of bulrush [making
it either Softstem or Hardstem Bulrush] were eaten and “considered a luxury.”
The sprouts of an undetermined species are also traditionally eaten by the
<i>Puyallup</i> and <i>Nisqually</i> in Washington (Smith 1930).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Other early records come from Edward Curtis, the famous
ethnographic photographer and author of the 20 volume series <u>The North American
Indian.</u> Curtis had some knowledge of the various bulrushes and frequently
documented the use of both <i>tule</i> and cattail, making it possible to be
sure that he was differentiating the species. As if he were aware of the
potential for confusion, he occasionally includes scientific names for cattail,
Hardstem Bulrush, and Sturdy Bulrush. In California, he observed the tender,
white, central shoot of Hardstem Bulrush being eaten fresh by the <i>Klamath</i>
(1924, 13: 170, 273; although on pg 238, he apparently confuses this with
Sturdy Bulrush), the <i>Tolowa, Tutuni</i> (1924 13: 99, 228, 247), and Lake <i>Pomo</i>
(1924 14: 62). He describes <i>tule</i> as “a fairly important food” to the
valley <i>Maidu</i> (1924 14: 107). He also recorded indigenous terms for
edible “tule shoots” among the eastern and central <i>Pomo</i> (1924, 14: 188,
217), and “tule pith” among the <i>Wappo</i> (Curtis 1924, 14: 210) and <i>Wiyot</i>
(1924 13: 267). The Northern <i>Pomo</i> eat the raw young shoots of Sturdy
Bulrush (Welch 2013). In Utah, the young shoots of Hardstem Bulrush are also
traditionally eaten by the <i>Gosiute</i> of Utah (Chamberlain 1911).</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv0f664OgSIJy-a3luCx8vfPpPwOJK6A2EfJMCjksHLQmE08tdrOr8ueJwiZQ7e2WzCfSyNzemC9tMY6obU60sgQuo0nFmGLC-XtJmUS_j2uAigTOIXLewnYyMyRGAVjQxoWeCSNbadd0/s1600/IMG_0952+Schoenoplectus+acutus+Hardstem+Bulrush+rootTennant+Lake+good.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv0f664OgSIJy-a3luCx8vfPpPwOJK6A2EfJMCjksHLQmE08tdrOr8ueJwiZQ7e2WzCfSyNzemC9tMY6obU60sgQuo0nFmGLC-XtJmUS_j2uAigTOIXLewnYyMyRGAVjQxoWeCSNbadd0/s320/IMG_0952+Schoenoplectus+acutus+Hardstem+Bulrush+rootTennant+Lake+good.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hardstem Bulrush "root"</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The roots of bulrushes are also traditionally eaten by
many Indigenous Peoples. Accounts from northern groups are unfortunately
ambiguous. The inland <i>Dena’ina </i>eat the thick, underground root of a
large sedge that is described as looking like the bulb of an onion (Russell
2012) and is probably a bulrush. Steedman (1930), working from the notes of the
botanist and ethnographer James Teit, noted that the thick fleshy rootstalks of
one bulrush species were roasted and eaten by the <i>Nlaka’pamux</i>. The roots
of a kind of “rush” were eaten by the <i>Twana</i>,<i> Chemakum</i>,<i>
Klallam,</i> and other Native Americans in the Puget Sound (Swan 1857; Eells
1885, 1985), which could be a bulrush, cattail, or horsetail. The Quinault considered
a bulrush species to be among their principle root foods, and steam cooked it
(Curtis 1913 9:58).<br />
<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0LuAPO3qYix4VQjwZ7JKtS1-w2ittrj_hjZSNOtuSKOJXudvRG9LSndsJecjXXjNh2wCnfqIRKD4Zbp3l217zyTSsrecwqVojxCSbrCBAw7gRbevwN1MT-vC_a6FfTw4ADjBUaWM9deE/s1600/IMG_0971+Schoenoplectus+acutus+Hardstem+Bulrush+rootTennant+Lake.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0LuAPO3qYix4VQjwZ7JKtS1-w2ittrj_hjZSNOtuSKOJXudvRG9LSndsJecjXXjNh2wCnfqIRKD4Zbp3l217zyTSsrecwqVojxCSbrCBAw7gRbevwN1MT-vC_a6FfTw4ADjBUaWM9deE/s320/IMG_0971+Schoenoplectus+acutus+Hardstem+Bulrush+rootTennant+Lake.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edible core of Hardstem Bulrush</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The thick root of Hardstem Bulrush was widely eaten along
the Pacific states (Harvard 1895). Botanist Robert Brown (1868) observed its
use in California. Curtis also documented <i>tule </i>root use among many
groups in Western North America including the <i>Shasta, Achomawi </i>(1924 13:
140, 230, 234, 257), <i>Tolowa </i>(1924 13: 247), Northern <i>Wintun </i>and
Valley <i>Patwin </i>(1924 14:224), Valley <i>Maidu </i>(1924 14: 232), <i>Diegueno
</i>(1925 15: 43, 180) and <i>Hupa </i>(1924 13:238). He elaborates that the
fresh roots were “esteemed” by the <i>Mono </i>and <i>Paviotso</i> (15: 72,
169, 184), and that the “core of the underground stalks…were eaten raw (15: 63)
by the <i>Mono</i>. The <i>Yokuts</i> “dependended mainly on <i>tule</i>-roots….
The dried roots of <i>tule</i> were roasted, pulverized, and formed into balls,
which were baked in hot ashes or the flour might be cooked into mush (1924
14:157; 197).” The <i>Chumash </i>also ate the roots this way, or raw (Timbrook
2007).</div>
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</div>
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Some useful details come from a 10 year-old who made news
for her presentation of <i>Shasta </i>Indigenous Foods at the California State
Fair. She was quoted saying “The [Native Americans] pull <i>tule</i> roots
early in the spring while they are young and tender. They also dry them for
winter use (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDs5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA349&dq=tule+food+indian+root&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_ls_0maLjAhVKh1QKHfgnBvgQ6AEIUzAJ#v=onepage&q=tule%20food%20indian%20root&f=false"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hollenbeak</span></a>
1921).”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Another participant observer account comes from Thomas
Jefferson Mayfield who was adopted by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choinumni"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Choinumni</span></i></a><i> </i>band
of the <i>Yokuts</i> and lived with them for a decade in the 1850s. He provides
exceptional detail about their use of <i>tule</i>. “They ate great quantities of
young <i>tule</i> roots, which were soft and sweet. The lake Indians made an
almost pure starch from <i>tule</i>…. [The roots were placed] into a large
cooking basket and were covered with hot water. The mixture was stirred with
the looped stirring stick for an hour or so. Then the rush roots were raked out
and were thrown away. In an hour or two, the starch had settled to the bottom of
the basket. The water was then poured off. They obtained in this way a cake of
starch two inches in thickness (Mayfield 1993 pg 66-67).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The seeds of Hardstem Bulrush are sometimes used as food by
the <i>Klamath</i> (Coville 1897) and the pollen may have been used by the <i>Nlaka’pmux</i>
(Steedman 1930; see also Turner et al. 1990) and elsewhere in North America
(Harvard 1895).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Throughout many accounts, the roots and young shoots of <i>tule
</i>are described as being sweet raw. In fact, the leaves are capable of
exuding sugar! In their book <u>The Natural World of California Indians</u> Heizer
and Elsasser (1980) describe a sugar that is produced by bulrushes in arid
climates. They elaborate that “this ‘sugar’ is the sweet excreta of aphids,
which crystallizes and collects on the leaves of certain plants, especially
Common Reed (<i>Phragmites communis</i>) and [Softstem Bulrush]. The plants
were cut off at the base of the stem, placed on a flat tule mat, and beaten
with sticks to dislodge the crystalline sugar. Winnowing by tossing the sugar
and leaf bits on a flat basketry tray yielded the pure sugar, which was then
dampened slightly and molded into balls. Such sugar, eaten as a treat or
dessert, was a welcome change from the rather pallid staple, acorn mush.” General
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>J. Bidwell similarly describes a “honey”
that is gathered from <i>tule </i>by the Native Americans in Nevada (Harvard
1895). The <i>Mono </i>and <i>Paviotso</i> obtained a “candy-like substance”
from the dry leaves of Common Reed (Curtis 1926 15: 72).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The roots of Sturdy Bulrush were used by the <i>Klamath</i>
(Curtis 1924 13: 170) and the roots of an unidentified bulrush were eaten raw
or ground into a flour and cooked by the <i>Costanoan </i>(Bocek 1984).
Interestingly, I could find no accounts that were definitively describing River
or Maritime Bulrushes, despite the edibility of both species.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Accounts of <i>Chufa</i> are more precisely labelled by
species. Victor Harvard (1895) in his <u>Food Plants of North American Indians </u>describes
the small edible tubers of two species of <i>Cyperus</i>, the Chufa (<i>C.
esculentus</i> L.) and the Nut-grass (<i>C. rotundus</i> L.) to be “sweet and
palatable” and favored by Native Americans, but does not specify which groups.
In California, both species are eaten raw or ground into a meal and cooked by
the <i>Paiute </i>(Murphey 1990, Fowler 1989). The tubers of <i>Chufa </i>are also
eaten by the <i>Costanoan </i>(Bocek 1984) <i>Kashaya</i>, and<i> Pomo. </i>The
latter two traditionally eat them raw, baked, or boiled and describe their flavor
as “crisp” and “nutty” (Goodrich et al. 1980). The tubers of other <i>Cyperus</i>
species are traditionally eaten in the Desert Southwest and Southern California
by the <i>Acoma, Apache, Kamia, Keres, Laguna</i>, and <i>Pima</i> (<a href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/filtered/?string=Cyperus&tribe=&use_category=4">Moerman)</a>.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Brown, Robert 1868.
On the Vegetable Products Used by the Northwestern American Indians as Food and
Medicine.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Bocek, Barbara 1984.
Ethnobotany of the Costanoan Indians. Based on the Collections by John P.
Harrington.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Chamberlain, Ralph 1911.
Ethnobotany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Coville, Frederick 1897.
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Curtis, Edward 1913.
The North American Indian </span><a href="http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.09.book.00000004&volume=9#nav"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Volume 9</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">: The Salishan
tribes of the coast. The Chimakum and Quilliute .The Willapa.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Curtis, Edward 1922.
The North American Indian. </span><a href="http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.12.book.00000004&volume=12#nav"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Volume 12</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">: The Hopi</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Curtis, Edward 1924.
The North American Indian. </span><a href="http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.13.book.00000004&volume=13#nav"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Volume 13</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">: The Hupa.
The Yurok. The Karok. The Wiyot. Tolowa and Tutuni. The Shasta. The Achomawi.
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Curtis, Edward 1924.
The North American Indian. </span><a href="http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.14.book.00000004&volume=14#nav"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Volume 14</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">: The Kato.
The Wailaki. The Yuki. The Pomo. The Wintun. The Maidu. The Miwok. The Yokuts.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Curtis Edward 1926.
The North American Indian. </span><a href="http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.15.book.00000004&volume=15#nav"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Volume 15</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">: Southern
California Shoshoneans. The Diegeuenos. Plateau Shoshoneans. The Washo. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Eells, Myron 1885.
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Eells, Myron 1985.
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Evelyn 1921. </span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDs5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA349&dq=tule+food+indian+root&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_ls_0maLjAhVKh1QKHfgnBvgQ6AEIUzAJ#v=onepage&q=tule%20food%20indian%20root&f=false"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Shasta Count Points the Way</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">.
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Moerman, Daniel. </span><a href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/filtered/?string=Cyperus&tribe=&use_category=4"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Native American Ethnobotany Database</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Russell, Priscilla
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Indians of Southcentral Alaska. Alaska Geographic Association, Achorage AK.</span></div>
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2013. North American Cornocopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Smith, Marian
1930. The Puyallop-Nisqually</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span><a href="https://www.calflora.org/"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Calflora</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span><a href="http://www.pnwherbaria.org/index.php"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Consortium
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span><a href="https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/eflora/"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">e-flora BC</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span><a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_keys.php?key=115"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">Jepson e-flora</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span><a href="http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/results.php?Terms=Cyperus&x=0&y=0&Type=Names"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;">WTU Burke Herbarium Image Collection</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk19456174;"></span></div>
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<br />
<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-91538774138700992042019-09-01T23:29:00.001-07:002019-09-12T18:55:47.736-07:00The Blueberry Bounty of Burns Bog<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFRFjwvWkZEqAZAH7MIi6hdDsLjOVxx4ye_o2dxP-gf_VMOUW1OzdZvRSlDsOkJdQ2-nxBmRRXsYWGWfTb91Bftr0F0DYE9ArJ8BKJiD3ekV2UrEd6TRLqB3KMv4EWwpkqJoTXS3b7sc/s1600/IMG_0989+Vaccinium+mytrilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog+cr+square+good.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1568" data-original-width="1600" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFRFjwvWkZEqAZAH7MIi6hdDsLjOVxx4ye_o2dxP-gf_VMOUW1OzdZvRSlDsOkJdQ2-nxBmRRXsYWGWfTb91Bftr0F0DYE9ArJ8BKJiD3ekV2UrEd6TRLqB3KMv4EWwpkqJoTXS3b7sc/s200/IMG_0989+Vaccinium+mytrilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog+cr+square+good.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Velvetleaf Blueberry</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
I dropped my wife off at the Vancouver
Airport so she could fly to the United Arab Emirates to study their coastal
wetlands. When
saying our goodbyes, she pronounced with a grin, that I would have to fend for
myself for the week. Challenge accepted, I wasted no time and headed to Burns
Bog to see if the berries were ripe. Burns Bog is said to be the largest raised
peat bog in western North America and host to the southernmost distribution (at
least on the west coast) of some interesting Boreal Forest Biome edibles like
Cloudberry (also known as Bakeapple, <i>Rubus chamaemorus</i>), Lingonberry (<i>Vaccinium
vitis-idaea</i>), and Velvetleaf Blueberry (<i>Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXxY3H8iboYcT2wG4iqxb74QYs_LqJFR9VrlDsWkbpqNcVLZyWfF188JqNLBSrjEnxWwJxg0gr1MTYOY3BEB4MKfMy63bIYOfAnrwdetSALru7AD6HKQoqCxkRe3VAyHDQxOdqotE7PCw/s1600/20190830_142526+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+habitat+view+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXxY3H8iboYcT2wG4iqxb74QYs_LqJFR9VrlDsWkbpqNcVLZyWfF188JqNLBSrjEnxWwJxg0gr1MTYOY3BEB4MKfMy63bIYOfAnrwdetSALru7AD6HKQoqCxkRe3VAyHDQxOdqotE7PCw/s320/20190830_142526+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+habitat+view+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Most of the pines were killed by the fire</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
I decided to visit a portion of the bog that had burned
in early July of 2016 and I was delighted to find an abundance of tasty berries. The Salal (<i>Gaultheria
shallon</i>) was thick along the margins under the needleless canopy of blackened
shore pines. While they were fruiting abundantly and were sweet as can be, I only
picked opportunistically as I pushed through the brush, hoping to find more unusual
fare further in. The pines gradually became stunted and spaced further afield
and two species of blueberries became dominant. Initially, few that I saw had
fruit—one was even in flower—but as I pushed on, I came across expanses of Velvetleaf
Blueberry and Bog Blueberry (<i>Vaccinium uliginosum</i>) like I have never
seen before. Thickets stretched on as far as I could see. In places the fruit
were more abundant than the leaves, and they weighed the short bushes down! Perhaps
the burn released them from competition and freed up nutrients in an otherwise
nutrient stressed environment. In the last 50 years there have been at least
nine wild fires in the bog (and I don’t think they were ignited by punning
pranksters). Likely, the Sto:lo and other Coast Salish peoples intentionally
burned the bog to improve berry picking.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>The species</b></div>
<u>Velvetleaf Blueberry</u> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>) is a<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2j193rKHeKWMEi-RlxlwnSHSDD8ri4c4V_O1zx-0zh2Kf0gEjYDfSWh0YPtXayndURMvPtWEiQKKA8XcaRdMzS8hIUp2QPhKUQ69GSQEWb8h8pdSOjB_iQhXmqrOukdxWy3hXR9js_ws/s1600/IMG_8723+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvet-leaf+Blueberry+Burns+Bog+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2j193rKHeKWMEi-RlxlwnSHSDD8ri4c4V_O1zx-0zh2Kf0gEjYDfSWh0YPtXayndURMvPtWEiQKKA8XcaRdMzS8hIUp2QPhKUQ69GSQEWb8h8pdSOjB_iQhXmqrOukdxWy3hXR9js_ws/s200/IMG_8723+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvet-leaf+Blueberry+Burns+Bog+sq+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a> conspicuously <span id="goog_720422290"></span><span id="goog_720422291"></span>hairy deciduous shrub
that grows 4 to 36 inches tall. The round twigs are covered in fine soft hairs
and are green when young but may mature with brown, red, or purple tones. Leaves
are also hairy especially on the undersides, margins, and veins; they are elliptical
in shape with margins that lack serrations and a more gradually tapering tip
than base; leaves are usually 1-1.5 inches long 2.5-3 times as long as their width.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGKa5JdlrlvHQMXzxSy06rlOipXx0kJMkuPdSWSNMYSPZoI_upNsId5ga3Xdc5AuJp22edoQF0WY3kFuJYCoJvxCgrH6NtdsQ-rV073ni4pmMNzTi1RAMfiG5Ni2KYalVZiKi4N5BYjHk/s1600/IMG_9352+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+flower+Burns+Bog+good+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGKa5JdlrlvHQMXzxSy06rlOipXx0kJMkuPdSWSNMYSPZoI_upNsId5ga3Xdc5AuJp22edoQF0WY3kFuJYCoJvxCgrH6NtdsQ-rV073ni4pmMNzTi1RAMfiG5Ni2KYalVZiKi4N5BYjHk/s200/IMG_9352+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+flower+Burns+Bog+good+sq+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a>Flowers are unique in that they are our only native species to grow in clusters
(like the cultivated varieties of <i>V. coryumbosum </i>and <i>V. angustifolium
</i>from stock native to the Midwest and Northeast). Corollas (fused petals)
are urn shaped, white or pink, and slightly longer than wide. The calyxes (fused
sepals) under the flowers are green with conspicuously triangular lobes that
often spread outward from the flower. The only other native blueberry with a triangularly
lobed calyx is Bog Blueberry.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje89QVsVuuNYUXYbj6_vaPrAg91bjP4kE6I7WF4KBq2QS-gfM_U7jss5qhAjxvTpTlG1w9C7XTo-980GkxKA_LC7MkxN-EqPAl67eERC3ZBbkrOHYQv7Ox9HaM4H4NSVmqM5ws5soEBf4/s1600/20190830_135757135593769+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fr+Burns+Bog+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje89QVsVuuNYUXYbj6_vaPrAg91bjP4kE6I7WF4KBq2QS-gfM_U7jss5qhAjxvTpTlG1w9C7XTo-980GkxKA_LC7MkxN-EqPAl67eERC3ZBbkrOHYQv7Ox9HaM4H4NSVmqM5ws5soEBf4/s200/20190830_135757135593769+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fr+Burns+Bog+sq+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a>Fruit also arise in clusters and generally longer
than they are wide. They ripen from green to blue transitioning quickly through
reddish tones. Ripe berries have thick epicuticular wax or “bloom” as
it is called by horticulturalists, giving them a whitish appearance. Note the triangular
lobes of the calyx are still present on the tip of the berry giving it a regal crown. I measured the size of 15 berries as I picked them, and they ranged from 1/4-1/2" wide and slightly longer than wide.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjku_1k6V5yJBXG0I0EItjaYn3UR-AfinR7BXczY2uIQBYCO_o0pq0tph0InNZ-6cIEfJ5z9if0LT9upOwY8Y34-gUYCkFrGWTgA33MnY_eCv1dJDI4d0MkXXPba00uDEhBWG1XYu-hi3I/s1600/20190830_140619+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjku_1k6V5yJBXG0I0EItjaYn3UR-AfinR7BXczY2uIQBYCO_o0pq0tph0InNZ-6cIEfJ5z9if0LT9upOwY8Y34-gUYCkFrGWTgA33MnY_eCv1dJDI4d0MkXXPba00uDEhBWG1XYu-hi3I/s400/20190830_140619+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Velvetleaf Blueberry with abundant fruit</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfCQsqnJDKoCvojf-CJnXh49e1mvLd5D86zS2CbUnCixCIG4YLuZnUWKoDeQDC-6i9XBETlOxlubd3VNW8NGDYQaQRYuQ6rKzg9IPVpUKqTo-0aETghIHM0B3fdJUSMROHnvKwqG0Xl9o/s1600/IMG_9342+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+flower+Burns+Bog+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfCQsqnJDKoCvojf-CJnXh49e1mvLd5D86zS2CbUnCixCIG4YLuZnUWKoDeQDC-6i9XBETlOxlubd3VNW8NGDYQaQRYuQ6rKzg9IPVpUKqTo-0aETghIHM0B3fdJUSMROHnvKwqG0Xl9o/s200/IMG_9342+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+flower+Burns+Bog+sq+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijSR9LlvaINjCQNbHE1tZfySzfOgtRdaaUB3L01_lTKYVlg-5hbsonHEsMDSGev3aFEF2_B7ZIlp-ukbfEjiunJmxttyK3r96VMiPIq9ZS1iA7v7BuQt-TkpKKyDHN4vRLM93RZDcUops/s1600/20190830_145942+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+Bilberry+fruit+Burns+Bog+cr+sq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijSR9LlvaINjCQNbHE1tZfySzfOgtRdaaUB3L01_lTKYVlg-5hbsonHEsMDSGev3aFEF2_B7ZIlp-ukbfEjiunJmxttyK3r96VMiPIq9ZS1iA7v7BuQt-TkpKKyDHN4vRLM93RZDcUops/s200/20190830_145942+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+Bilberry+fruit+Burns+Bog+cr+sq.jpg" width="200" /></a><u>Bog Bilberries</u> (<i>Vaccinium uliginosum</i>) form low
mat forming shrubs that rarely exceed 24 inches in height. Young twigs are yellowish,
tan, or reddish brown, covered with very fine hairs (that you need a hand lens
to see) and are rounded in cross-section. The stems age to grayish brown by the
third year and the bark become shredded with age. Leaves are alternate,
deciduous, less than 1” long and egg shaped; compared with our other
bilberries, they have a relatively squat look. Leaf margins are smooth, the
tips rounded. The lower surfaces is strongly net veined and the upper leaf
surface is blue-green or grayish green. The leaves are either minutely hairy,
or hairless, but they always have a rough textured appearance. 1-4 individually
stalked flowers emerge from the lower leaf axils of the new growth and bloom
from late May to July, depending on the elevation and latitude. Corollas (fused
petals) are usually bright pink but can be blotched or streaked with white,
pinkish white or rarely pure white. Flowers are usually globe shaped but
occasionally slightly taller than wide, the opening is surrounded by 4 outward
curled lobes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calyces (fused sepals)
have 4 or 5 prominent lobes that clasp the base of the flower. Fruit are bright
blue and covered with bloom. Berries range in size from 1/4-5/8" wide and
can be slightly taller than wide, spherical, or wider than long. Like Velvetleaf Blueberry, the calyx lobes
on the top of the fruit have triangular lobes, only Bog Blueberry’s lobes are
usually folded inward. Occasionally, the style is persistent in fruit.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2nT3Ypvpz7o-iNwz8aVUOlZ18KNYQ18aAlFkLl62WxVhSy86EoeoKUpD_lf3L0XDvYM4KrnA8JE10CVtpcRQfVbdkT67u4fxd3LNqMcMKMdcMjavSvtf7uau_X2wpv_u2d0ogSb5RQiM/s1600/20190830_145857+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+Bilberry+fruit+Burns+Bog+good.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2nT3Ypvpz7o-iNwz8aVUOlZ18KNYQ18aAlFkLl62WxVhSy86EoeoKUpD_lf3L0XDvYM4KrnA8JE10CVtpcRQfVbdkT67u4fxd3LNqMcMKMdcMjavSvtf7uau_X2wpv_u2d0ogSb5RQiM/s400/20190830_145857+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+Bilberry+fruit+Burns+Bog+good.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A heavy crop of Bog Blueberries</td></tr>
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<b>Habitat and Distribution and Range</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFnkfaiPXOXOYGvhweKnTA7ca4cFnABLnjH2KvS9LwURmGWoY-cjGbP9GSnkYOqKxN1R770kwge8jFOWhhtLXTYKMm8FR_5JPQuFjETpF09SncDt_qF1CF8F_3sSXS_6FdXZHRwylk_kg/s1600/Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+distribution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFnkfaiPXOXOYGvhweKnTA7ca4cFnABLnjH2KvS9LwURmGWoY-cjGbP9GSnkYOqKxN1R770kwge8jFOWhhtLXTYKMm8FR_5JPQuFjETpF09SncDt_qF1CF8F_3sSXS_6FdXZHRwylk_kg/s200/Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+distribution.jpg" width="98" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Velvetleaf Blueberry</td></tr>
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<u>Velvetleaf Blueberry</u> rarely inhabits bogs, muskeg, mountain
meadows, and open barrens in our area and unlikely to be seen outside of a few
locations in British Columbia (such as Burns Bog), Washington (where it is a
sensitive species), and northwest Montana. It is primarily a species of canopy
openings in pine-barrens, spruce forests, and sphagnum bogs in the Canadian Taiga,
sub boreal forests and pine barrens in the northeastern part of North America. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMc37Us40LQrE_oakLYcPWw23FlvTKIuijJmoFF1J3y_t4Hhtt2C9DazcJdrEhGH9tm7EtnSL_j0mqlqTHqpPh60bbHXjmPV1um7lKYteQzCaOgDclMMEpxfzoyo3Der38hlX8G45HXZo/s1600/Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Bilberry+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMc37Us40LQrE_oakLYcPWw23FlvTKIuijJmoFF1J3y_t4Hhtt2C9DazcJdrEhGH9tm7EtnSL_j0mqlqTHqpPh60bbHXjmPV1um7lKYteQzCaOgDclMMEpxfzoyo3Der38hlX8G45HXZo/s200/Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Bilberry+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bog Blueberry</td></tr>
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As both the common scientific names suggest, <u>Bog Bilberries</u>
delight to grow in wet habitats, particularly peat bogs, spruce swamps and
muskegs. The species epithet <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uliginosum</i>
means “wet” or “swampy.” They also grow on firmer ground in the alpine and
arctic tundra where they are commonly confused with Cascade Blueberry (<i>Vaccinium
deliciosum</i>), at least in Washington. Bog Blueberries are a circumboreal
species that extends down the coast with increasingly sporadic distribution,
becoming uncommon in Washington, but increase again in bogs and wet mountain
meadows in Oregon and California.</div>
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<b>Harvest and Preparation</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaPLwlWOSk8sShhAS89LF6-OJqMV3Sl__nvlPFQD5xIXFjdFQk57FybXIc8uM34MFaryE_A8L64Vxmy6cX8J_Ol9O6DnueJn7Z_KXGt0ZyjO5HYDiUajFgIYDVZQ_jOSawmYAqrvqF4lc/s1600/20190830_140701+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaPLwlWOSk8sShhAS89LF6-OJqMV3Sl__nvlPFQD5xIXFjdFQk57FybXIc8uM34MFaryE_A8L64Vxmy6cX8J_Ol9O6DnueJn7Z_KXGt0ZyjO5HYDiUajFgIYDVZQ_jOSawmYAqrvqF4lc/s200/20190830_140701+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" width="112" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Velvetleaf Blueberry</td></tr>
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Growing in clusters, Velvetleaf Blueberries pick quickly
by hand or rake. Although Bog Blueberries arise individually on each stalk,
they can still be very abundant. Be prepared to kneel to the small stature of
both species. I prefer to pick them into flat bottomed containers that can be
set on the ground since I find it hard to stoop when I have a container tied to
my waist.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OwMJI-pJXD6B9twonKesXxNpGQ-ZlvdFHFPGuJY-jA4fQEgrrAA_KAvi8a1TJhbrgjFjTLrCfC-rPnfCsYBMnwEnOFqlSsESfcQv5WLSmZKEUqAUduFZIz98SMBTEifcrKRxHbJfb2k/s1600/20190830_150539+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+Bilberry+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OwMJI-pJXD6B9twonKesXxNpGQ-ZlvdFHFPGuJY-jA4fQEgrrAA_KAvi8a1TJhbrgjFjTLrCfC-rPnfCsYBMnwEnOFqlSsESfcQv5WLSmZKEUqAUduFZIz98SMBTEifcrKRxHbJfb2k/s200/20190830_150539+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+Bilberry+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" width="112" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bog Blueberry</td></tr>
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Like all blueberries, both species are delicious raw but
they both are among the mildest flavored blueberries I have eaten with little in
the way of tartness but still enough sweetness to keep you reaching for more.
Both have thick pulp more similar in texture to a Salal berry than to a huckleberry. Bog Blueberries have amazing texture. In addition to the creamy pulp, the skins will pop in your mouth as you bight down on them. Velvetleaf Blueberry is the sweeter of the two. Near me, both species ripen in late August and can be picked through early September. By mid September they may start getting mushy. Like many late
season fruits, these species are prone to crop failures on account of our
typical dry summers. This year we had about three good rains in July and three
more in August, which may be another reason that the berries at Burns Bog are
in such good order.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMlC-UkkUSHtBc2XibpiaF_KolFOOb7qJJo0kyuuLMmp2VqIKOOYhX47Aw0R63g4W65KNZld3zEyBIJzftiV0iIYK6NYujggj_revl77IK13-71bRPpfHb6n3zdYkW_b7IFT1y4IwEqbU/s1600/20190830_142643+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMlC-UkkUSHtBc2XibpiaF_KolFOOb7qJJo0kyuuLMmp2VqIKOOYhX47Aw0R63g4W65KNZld3zEyBIJzftiV0iIYK6NYujggj_revl77IK13-71bRPpfHb6n3zdYkW_b7IFT1y4IwEqbU/s320/20190830_142643+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog.jpg" width="180" /></a><b>Ethnobotany</b></div>
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Both species are enjoyed fresh and cooked by most
Indigenous groups that inhabit the plants range.</div>
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Because Veletleaf Blueberry has such a limited range
along the coast, they were only regularly eaten by the <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stó</span></i><span class="st">:</span><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">lō</span></i> (Galloway 1982) and other peoples
whose traditional territory includes the productive bogs along the Lower Fraser
River. Members of other groups with special permission or marriage ties to the <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stó</span></i><span class="st">:</span><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">lō</span></i> from groups such as the <span class="st"><i>Nooksack</i> (Galloway 2012), <i>Nlaka'pamux</i></span> (Turner et.
al 1990), <i>Squamish</i> (Turner 1976), and <span class="st"><i>Ditidaht</i></span>
(Turner et. al 1982) all travelled to the lower Fraser River valley to harvest
the fruit. In recent times, the <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hesquiaht</span></i> on the
West Coast of Vancouver Island purchased Velvetleaf Blueberries from the <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stó</span></i><span class="st">:</span><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">lō</span></i> to make pies (Turner and Efrat
1982).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Etr8JJBkG4AoTQfvZJBV8sacQWHwJoZf4jaikvzcPkTIf1vnYgJg4kATj2BWw9WaT7iBIi6U5PQ7bP6qfUgmi1lXKDI_w-tJilG7zXOKYxLDNqSjeqg-r9C3VLq-1xZhhQVIopXd0yk/s1600/20190830_140746+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog+good.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Etr8JJBkG4AoTQfvZJBV8sacQWHwJoZf4jaikvzcPkTIf1vnYgJg4kATj2BWw9WaT7iBIi6U5PQ7bP6qfUgmi1lXKDI_w-tJilG7zXOKYxLDNqSjeqg-r9C3VLq-1xZhhQVIopXd0yk/s400/20190830_140746+Vaccinium+myrtilloides+Velvetleaf+Blueberry+fruit+Burns+Bog+good.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Bibliography</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Galloway, Brent 1982. Upper Stó:lō Ethnobotany. Coqualeetza
Education Training Centre, Sardis BC.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Galloway, Brent 2012. Nooksack Classified Word List.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat 1982. Ethnobotany of
the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island. Cultural Recovery Papers No. 2,
British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria BC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Turner, Nancy J. and Randy Bouchard 1976. Squamish Ethnobotany.
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Turner, Nancy J. Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson,
and Annie Z. York 1990. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thompson
Ethnobotany, Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British
Columbia. Memoir No. 3, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria BC.<br />
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-81472939861033225192019-08-26T19:21:00.003-07:002020-02-25T09:45:15.155-08:00Wild Food Adventures in Glacier Bay<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
For years my brother Christian has been working as a guide
in SE Alaska. While I always closely follow his explorations on his “Life on
Water” blog, this summer he persuaded me it was time to participate in another
Alaskan adventure of our own. <a href="http://arcadianabe.blogspot.com/2016/09/the-elusive-and-excellent-dwarf-bilberry_1.html">Last
time we explored the Juneau area by foot</a>, this time, we were afloat in Glacier
Bay. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
In early August Christian, his best friend Danny, and I flew
from Seattle to Juneau and then from Juneau to the small town of Gustavos,
where a friend of Christian’s met us at the airport and shuttled us to the
National Park office just in time for the orientation video that the Park require
all visitors to see before issuing a permit. The video gave a nice overview of
the history of the Park along with guidelines for avoiding conflicts with moose
and bears, as well as navigating the icy waters and 20 foot tide swings.
Hypothermia, they said, was the constant danger. Grizzly Bears where chance encounters,
easily managed with proper food storage and cooking away from camp.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcoRZQoFXgiufEw_bzv0Sy4kZFIlaQNoE6ANNHZso_5gP6TPu8lzjJXsFz4v4K4zGzDebfHKEhkVIMzcoIWvp-vDaBXjgpqvWrCdfM3OfGR7wjR1iee32hlYD5P7vNlpTDTgsV9ePRyX8/s1600/20190808_101901+Fragaria+chiloensis+Beach+Strawberry+fruit+Glacier+Bay+NP+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcoRZQoFXgiufEw_bzv0Sy4kZFIlaQNoE6ANNHZso_5gP6TPu8lzjJXsFz4v4K4zGzDebfHKEhkVIMzcoIWvp-vDaBXjgpqvWrCdfM3OfGR7wjR1iee32hlYD5P7vNlpTDTgsV9ePRyX8/s320/20190808_101901+Fragaria+chiloensis+Beach+Strawberry+fruit+Glacier+Bay+NP+sq+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beach Strawberries by the handful</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Permit in hand, the last of the stressful logistics that
Christian had carefully planned was taken care of. The wilderness part of our journey
had begun. We positioned the kayak and canoe that Christian had borrowed on the
government pier for an early departure, and used a Park wheelbarrow to
transport our gear to the campground ¼ mile down the beach. We didn’t get half
that far, however, before spotting several shoreline snacks. Beach strawberries
(<i>Fragaria chiloensis</i>) abounded. While the plants are also common along the
more familiar shorelines of the Salish sea, I had never seen them fruit so prolifically.
The more southerly specimens are demur, hiding a solitary fruit under their
glossy green leaves, but these northerners were unabashed, with fruit gregariously
perched on branched inflorescences, like magnificent frigate birds ballooning to
attract mates. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Christian and I crawled
along the mossy shoreline, shouting out our successive find: “five…six. I got
another!” Sweetened by the Alaskan sun, the didn’t even need to be fully red to
be delicious. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY4G5cGTYb5H94Pq6DcVKyawMaORbS0-dEPHm4SXdvP8wBwHufkGl3z_S5FbrqbTRYg-u5KE2h1XrrIJY4Pnm3AkDNcNDbCfleSau5cv6Cvx3ITeFsExa6eewa2-BhAS5oh4ZHKvSUbQc/s1600/20190807_142315+Fragaria+chiloensis+Reid+Harbor+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY4G5cGTYb5H94Pq6DcVKyawMaORbS0-dEPHm4SXdvP8wBwHufkGl3z_S5FbrqbTRYg-u5KE2h1XrrIJY4Pnm3AkDNcNDbCfleSau5cv6Cvx3ITeFsExa6eewa2-BhAS5oh4ZHKvSUbQc/s320/20190807_142315+Fragaria+chiloensis+Reid+Harbor+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyl8MGy8vvJDcq0csudlNBCgOTIG-nH4ewDftkqcKYeVXkFU79hvHUo7JpRhrdCvb6o0JEDfQ2uUjAU71pkfk0-mV51U6OpLTcuio9DM3xGJqu3NTmcEZvBynLwB692ebj5mDTCw6HxyY/s1600/20190807_142833+Fragaria+chiloensis+habitat+view+Reid+Harbor+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyl8MGy8vvJDcq0csudlNBCgOTIG-nH4ewDftkqcKYeVXkFU79hvHUo7JpRhrdCvb6o0JEDfQ2uUjAU71pkfk0-mV51U6OpLTcuio9DM3xGJqu3NTmcEZvBynLwB692ebj5mDTCw6HxyY/s320/20190807_142833+Fragaria+chiloensis+habitat+view+Reid+Harbor+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beach Strawberry Habitat</td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiANgwe_B1V4HHC1gEQxJO1n84NbuyPMknH9pTikUkZJm8qBPhXxbgtn_NwvxztZ_WumPEXrZZY5fdOr3X0s7Z9NjaCkPKHPk3xxKyrqFS9FnQmNAsC2r-BcvvhFHOcrWIcJtcNQy2faRY/s1600/20190803_1904301226544960+Rubus+arcticus+ssp.+stellatus+Nagoon+berry+fr+Bartlet+Cove+Glacier+Bay+NP+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiANgwe_B1V4HHC1gEQxJO1n84NbuyPMknH9pTikUkZJm8qBPhXxbgtn_NwvxztZ_WumPEXrZZY5fdOr3X0s7Z9NjaCkPKHPk3xxKyrqFS9FnQmNAsC2r-BcvvhFHOcrWIcJtcNQy2faRY/s320/20190803_1904301226544960+Rubus+arcticus+ssp.+stellatus+Nagoon+berry+fr+Bartlet+Cove+Glacier+Bay+NP+sq+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ripe Nagoon!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
As if that wasn’t enough, Christian cried out “Nagoon!” The
Nagoon (<i>Rubus arcticus </i>ssp. <i>stellatus</i>) is our north American
variety of the Arctic Bramble (<i>Rubus arcticus</i>), which is a circumboreal
species that is said by many in Europe to be the tastiest berry of them all. Catching
Nagoons in fruit was one of my goals for the trip since I only saw a single withered
berry on my late summer trip to Juneau. Like ruby’s glowing in the setting sun,
they were a site to behold and those that were fully ripe, were as sweet as
jam. When we finally gave up the chase, our hands told the tale vividly. I fell
asleep counting my blessings (and smelling my fingers).</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br />
The next morning we were up before the sun. It was too
early for words, and we silently packed our gear into the boats and sat on the
dock watching the first light hit Mt. Fairweather. At 15,325’ it rises
dramatically from the nearby Pacific Ocean and watches sentinel over Glacier
Bay. The Huna Tlingit know the mountain as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fairweather">Tsalxhaan</a></i> and the
nearbye Mt. St. Elias as <i>Yaas'éit'aa Shaa</i>. Their mythology tells of a
time when the two mountains were closer together, but a marital feud tore them
apart. Their children are the smaller peaks in between. The story is strikingly
similar to the Lummi legend from near my home town about <a href="http://arcadianabe.blogspot.com/2012/12/koma-kulshan-mysterious-mountain-moniker.html">Kulshan
and his two wives</a>, and makes me smile thinking about mountains like temperamental
humans or relatives that we love dearly but also managed to also get under our
skin quickly.
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Christian’s plan was to hitch a ride on a boat operated by
the company he works for to “J-hop” or John Hopkins Glacier at the head of
Glacier Bay, hop into our boats, and paddle our way part way back towards the
mouth of the Bay and catch the park “Day Boat” back. The S.S. Legacy cruised
silently into the bay at 5:30AM and sent a punt to the dock to pick us up along
with a friendly Interpretive Ranger.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
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Once aboard the Legacy we went to the bridge to thank the
Captain. Danny was a captain for the same company for 10 years, so it was a bit
of a surprise reunion for both Danny and Christian as none of the other crew were
expecting them. While motoring down the bay Christian’s sharp eyes were
glinting as he called out interglacial wood remnants on the shoreline, a black bear,
two grizzlies and a cub, and mountain goats all before the other crew saw them.
Each time, the Captain slowed the ship and quietly approached the shoreline for
the 60 guests aboard to have a closer look. I suppose it was Christians way of
giving back for the free ride, or perhaps just his naturalist compulsion. The Captain
in turn, ordered us to eat breakfast with the crew, and we readily obliged!</div>
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Shortly after lunch we entered John Hopkins Inlet where
we disembarked the S.S. Legacy and dropped our loaded boats into the water.
Christian and I were in a 15’ open top Coleman canoe, which raised many
eyebrows as most people paddle sea kayaks. We always quipped “this is how John
Muir traveled Glacial Bay.”</div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The experiences that John Muir chronicled in his book “Travels
in Alaska” constantly emerging in our minds as we spent the next several days paddling
dangerously close to glaciers, hiking off trail up steep ravines, and leaping
over glacial torrents that roared and gnashed their teeth as they ground
boulders to silt. Calving tidewater glaciers were the biggest risk. When we
first set up camp a mile away from the John Hopkins Glacier the best spot was
on a sandy beach next to Chocolate Falls a few feet above the high tide line. The
calving events echoed through the valley like thunder, a few even generated displacement
waves that lapped our shore. I worried about a tsunami washing our camp away in
the night. Tsunami’s aren’t the only danger. If you get too close there is a risk
of falling ice and rocks as well. </div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYZqfIMXjnqBkNS2B98JV3ftU8g0XV6DIMvfVZhpbuwaL6vOW2JZP2QYN1Aw56m0bRwCpB1_mJ8bd_uKBqVdAx9JISCnQZH75mkidIV9gWWbaBiBy4iLEr2hRo55QpahKRfwkBleZ54wY/s1600/20190804_175951+Mt.+Abbe+John+Hopkins+Inlet+Glacier+Bay+NP+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYZqfIMXjnqBkNS2B98JV3ftU8g0XV6DIMvfVZhpbuwaL6vOW2JZP2QYN1Aw56m0bRwCpB1_mJ8bd_uKBqVdAx9JISCnQZH75mkidIV9gWWbaBiBy4iLEr2hRo55QpahKRfwkBleZ54wY/s400/20190804_175951+Mt.+Abbe+John+Hopkins+Inlet+Glacier+Bay+NP+view.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Our first camp with the John Hopkin's Glacier in the distance</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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While trying to find water for dinner we paddled towards
a stream between the John Hopkins and Gilman glaciers. Sandwiched between the two
tidewater glaciers, the river current started to push against us and the water
became choked with icebergs. Suddenly, a house of ice fell off the John Hopkins
Glacier. We ogled for a second, and then realized a big wave was headed our
way. “Make for deep water!” ordered Captain Christian. We turned hard and paddled
with are hearts thundering in our ears towards the steepening wave that lunged
towards us. We made it over the top before it broke, and quickly decided that silty
water was good enough for dinner.</div>
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<br /></div>
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However, the lesson was short lived. The next day we
paddled to the Lamplough Glacier to admire its icy blue. A piece of the
terminal moraine poked out above the high tide line, merely a stones throw from
the active face. “Let’s camp there” Danny half-jokingly suggested. Before I knew
it, Christian joined his side and I knew it was futile reminding them of our
last scare. There were hardly tracks on the beach, and certainly no tent spots,
but we “dug in” behind the steep face of the moraine wall and prepared for the
cannon fire. I got used to the booms, but it was the tsunami waves sloshing
against our barracks that kept me up at night. Would a wave full of icebergs crush
me in the night?</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjspGeuLj2-K6tRAafu_uzcZpeQQ7WAgZtWEcqClIACHma_O7a4igEAQHEd6X2EziEDs1OKuQegfE4oM0GViUnQ3iZaDZTpimmFlfjc-OKA5lt0esQKu6MIWT-pwpZFcsHKYPOhe1jiskg/s1600/20190806_123226+Lamplough+Glacier+camp+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjspGeuLj2-K6tRAafu_uzcZpeQQ7WAgZtWEcqClIACHma_O7a4igEAQHEd6X2EziEDs1OKuQegfE4oM0GViUnQ3iZaDZTpimmFlfjc-OKA5lt0esQKu6MIWT-pwpZFcsHKYPOhe1jiskg/s320/20190806_123226+Lamplough+Glacier+camp+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Camp 2. Ice everywhere!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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Still in one piece the next morning, we paddled to the
Reid Glacier. We found camp on a terminal moraine at the mouth of the harbor. This
camp wouldn’t pose any calving hazards as Reid is no longer a tidewater
glacier. However, a problem bear was reported there earlier in the summer, and
when searching for an old miner’s cabin, we found bear sign. Fortunately by
then, I was tired enough to sleep the whole night through.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-3W_3bcZN8VCK2FxnvBzeuhd60CoS6aO6rfpqlrXtsyTruhRw8ysa2P1tDSnh4slqNx2y71DtyEOPUDlrZUpQMDujAOmpwep5arwCs0Xav6HmP34HYkQO0CxILOyNsmAR-9GKCauppbY/s1600/20190804_1758111979287793+Dryas+John+Hopkins+Inlet+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-3W_3bcZN8VCK2FxnvBzeuhd60CoS6aO6rfpqlrXtsyTruhRw8ysa2P1tDSnh4slqNx2y71DtyEOPUDlrZUpQMDujAOmpwep5arwCs0Xav6HmP34HYkQO0CxILOyNsmAR-9GKCauppbY/s320/20190804_1758111979287793+Dryas+John+Hopkins+Inlet+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Dryas </i>seeds carpeting the valley sides</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUJlw2PGgYTpnmXNg7fc1aBEsTV3E6uzZG_krkoc1QmZMsHHoKUewq52oXQfYptW_5Br9znLZhG0GOW4aBSEj1e_iIVQ0BRaN9kCER-AUQ_zXeu1bxO_wdhJ8n1y4ck_X1-kNdTZagtcw/s1600/20190806_1107292030201740+Empetrum+nigrum+Crowberry+fruit+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUJlw2PGgYTpnmXNg7fc1aBEsTV3E6uzZG_krkoc1QmZMsHHoKUewq52oXQfYptW_5Br9znLZhG0GOW4aBSEj1e_iIVQ0BRaN9kCER-AUQ_zXeu1bxO_wdhJ8n1y4ck_X1-kNdTZagtcw/s320/20190806_1107292030201740+Empetrum+nigrum+Crowberry+fruit+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Crowberries were in season</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I teach about ecological succession in a couple of my
university classes and draw from the pioneering work done by William Cooper in Glacier
Bay. Cooper too, was inspired by John Muir to see Glacier Bay before the
glaciers were gone. Muir wrote that the first European explorers couldn’t even
get into Glacier Bay because the ice extended all the way to Icy Strait. By
1916 it had receded 65 miles, at a rate of approximately ½ mile per year. Astonished
by the rapid change, Cooper established long-term monitoring plots and with the
help of his students, monitored the ecological succession ranging from newly
exposed glacial outwash to Sitka spruce forest for the next 40 years. At the
time it was the longest study on succession in the world. In 2016, a team of scientists
relocated his plots and analyzed 100 years of ecological data! Similar work was
started in 1980 after the eruption of Mt. St. Helens, and those studies will
get their 40<sup>th</sup> field season next year.</div>
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Having a desire to contribute something to the
understanding of the park, I spent my spare moments documenting the flora at
each camp, paying special attention to the increase in diversity as we traveled
down the bay and forward in successional time. If you want to help vet my
observations, follow this link to <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/abe">i-naturalist</a>.</div>
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The next morning, we paddled to the Reid Glacier and hiked
up the lateral moraine high enough that we could traverse a stable part of the glacier.
The sides were impregnated with rocks plucked from the valley walls, making the
surface look like a gravel road, but towards the center, the glacier was much
cleaner. We found a rivulet cascading down blue ice and drank deeply from the
chilled beverage. Returning to the canoe, we descended a dry canyon that had
been carved by meltwater rushing beneath the glacier. In many places, the canyon
walls had fallen in since they were no longer supported by the ice above, but
in a particularly deep portion of the canyon we startled a Great Horned Owl
from his rocky perch.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX80PTXKiwbzdg-Y4ZOZXPvZs3KnyRQcglJwvPQ87GsKqWyX1t4dl6lN9Xe6nETVxVrdzqtbEvGqrqn1e3Uun9dYswF5mNSzZd3uYJoa0ohyJS7-FR6yYRRuCYEL1Nyzmiw_0aB6TQUuI/s1600/20190807_082503+Reid+view+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX80PTXKiwbzdg-Y4ZOZXPvZs3KnyRQcglJwvPQ87GsKqWyX1t4dl6lN9Xe6nETVxVrdzqtbEvGqrqn1e3Uun9dYswF5mNSzZd3uYJoa0ohyJS7-FR6yYRRuCYEL1Nyzmiw_0aB6TQUuI/s320/20190807_082503+Reid+view+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Our camp near the Reid Glacier</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-hi8bl_9w9eT4ZMmWp137vfwhphRaw6Rr1p-z46RLLFIi8kwAkX70JpMjzzTk6t4XW0u35NNlLhTUDqwDugkawHhN3UT9atkVVeBJHRzb6Q_bqhRfJZIew9lZWJWc05OnKdzNYmOvAOg/s1600/20190807_075635357278527+Hedysarum+alpinum+Reid+Harbor+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-hi8bl_9w9eT4ZMmWp137vfwhphRaw6Rr1p-z46RLLFIi8kwAkX70JpMjzzTk6t4XW0u35NNlLhTUDqwDugkawHhN3UT9atkVVeBJHRzb6Q_bqhRfJZIew9lZWJWc05OnKdzNYmOvAOg/s320/20190807_075635357278527+Hedysarum+alpinum+Reid+Harbor+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" width="180" /></a>Near camp I found Alaskan Wild Potato (<i>Hedysarum alpinum</i>). This plant is the most important root vegetable for the <i>Dena'ina</i>, who eat it raw, boiled, baked, or fried, often served with grease (Russell 2012). While the best time to harvest the roots is in the spring, I wanted to get a taste, so I dug one and sample it raw. I also tried my hand at processing the tiny beans, and decided I would starve before getting enough to eat. Not surprisingly, there is no ethnobotanical literature associated with their use.</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTXqyf5KG38X9WZ5aUtbYVsTF0Ixkx5IKC7PFIUQWSP5LmZL49dMuldEiyGSaOwQIVdKYB-zwVrUasA3Fj0FpLS_pK5yUHu69mGJk2l90WknV3KmOYfstr3ttLmPpgWXIUt8w-97dhlw/s1600/20190807_081217+Hedysarum+alpinum+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTXqyf5KG38X9WZ5aUtbYVsTF0Ixkx5IKC7PFIUQWSP5LmZL49dMuldEiyGSaOwQIVdKYB-zwVrUasA3Fj0FpLS_pK5yUHu69mGJk2l90WknV3KmOYfstr3ttLmPpgWXIUt8w-97dhlw/s200/20190807_081217+Hedysarum+alpinum+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">the small beans</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6Hxf982O2hoLp5io4gvFH6VRAqP0CY45Gvgf-zb_nuq93eze9-uv22Xt2N7fwN9cjmgblR6x9NIQdAinRIvo3myJiZHSEfLO1nqEUY6QLVxeImxpKSCi_iL6y_BI15ORYRE7Sg72KQI/s1600/20190807_075502+Hedysarum+alpinum+Glacier+Bay+NP+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6Hxf982O2hoLp5io4gvFH6VRAqP0CY45Gvgf-zb_nuq93eze9-uv22Xt2N7fwN9cjmgblR6x9NIQdAinRIvo3myJiZHSEfLO1nqEUY6QLVxeImxpKSCi_iL6y_BI15ORYRE7Sg72KQI/s400/20190807_075502+Hedysarum+alpinum+Glacier+Bay+NP+sq+cr.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alaskan Wild Potato (<i>Hedysarum alpinum</i>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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We met some friends of Christian’s for dinner aboard
their boat “Laysan.” I was pleased to learn that their daughter is studying to
be an ethnobotanist. I look forward to meeting her at a conference. Bellies
full of pasta, we hit the water at 7:30 with a nice tailwind and following
current. We paddled five miles to Skidmore Gap before dark. The last mile, we had
to fight a large eddy, which generated enough chop to get us wet. Darkness fell
as we made camp in the salt marsh. The wind thrashed our rainfly and I hardly
slept.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimIxmXAfVUdvL8WT7AP-dgO6uZ1pIg00dMQ711kq9uQ7e2CdODwPfWNuSV-ViahLndUvRgQ6kvbhSFJTH_LbGlF77HAOXBpmktQaiQLwk4CM_pNdugKV6M_uKvNLL8AdU-o_CM7vGPozM/s1600/20190808_071227+Skidmore+Narrows+camp+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimIxmXAfVUdvL8WT7AP-dgO6uZ1pIg00dMQ711kq9uQ7e2CdODwPfWNuSV-ViahLndUvRgQ6kvbhSFJTH_LbGlF77HAOXBpmktQaiQLwk4CM_pNdugKV6M_uKvNLL8AdU-o_CM7vGPozM/s320/20190808_071227+Skidmore+Narrows+camp+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The morning brought a brilliant blue sky with less wind. The
tide was still too low for crossing through the narrows without an extended
portage, so we broke camp slowly, explored the beach, and scouted the route through
the gap. At high tide we dragged our boats through as much of the narrows as
possible, and then carried our gear in several trips across to Skidmore Bay.
Humpbacks were feeding nearby, and we lounged in no hurry to leave this cloistered
place.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQIYvrMvawXj1EaEYQ-JAyrUX5NPE_40Lj7WQYqT4APL8MAJT1Ol7d7ic_awmM3HXtw1icNNNyXiXj3KWKXYx5IfPEIguqylQ6NBplNIzVxeMeSXZrYrfeAHSMs6AL5oCbQAexnQR3kw4/s1600/20190808_124025759893147+Ligusticum+scotticum+Beach+Lovage+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQIYvrMvawXj1EaEYQ-JAyrUX5NPE_40Lj7WQYqT4APL8MAJT1Ol7d7ic_awmM3HXtw1icNNNyXiXj3KWKXYx5IfPEIguqylQ6NBplNIzVxeMeSXZrYrfeAHSMs6AL5oCbQAexnQR3kw4/s320/20190808_124025759893147+Ligusticum+scotticum+Beach+Lovage+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beach Lovage</td></tr>
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Along the beach I found Beach Lovage (<i>Ligusticum scotticum</i>)
and Beach Carrot (<i>Conioselinum gmelinii</i>). These two members of the Carrot
Family (Apiaceae) are edible, but previously untasted by me. Extra careful
identification is necessary before ingesting hairless members of the Carrot Family
that look similar to Poison Hemlock (<i>Conium maculatum</i>) and Douglas Water
Hemlock (<i>Cicuta douglasii</i>).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiazwiuBt7ZlCAU3JXBQeetLaqjBEUiVe71KAQ08dShFwwOFYWxp9I-3xU1icdKFGQPVE1jxPpxD4dj43KdXCYouNjTgxjFm2TsKLqebpC3u33VKnqTmAJ-BsgnDgRw83SYFRk1kGmz9BE/s1600/20190808_124525+Ligusticum+scoticum+Scotts+Lovage+root+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiazwiuBt7ZlCAU3JXBQeetLaqjBEUiVe71KAQ08dShFwwOFYWxp9I-3xU1icdKFGQPVE1jxPpxD4dj43KdXCYouNjTgxjFm2TsKLqebpC3u33VKnqTmAJ-BsgnDgRw83SYFRk1kGmz9BE/s320/20190808_124525+Ligusticum+scoticum+Scotts+Lovage+root+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beach Lovage root, leaves, and seeds</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The young greens and shoots of Beach Lovage are traditionally
eaten in the spring by the Inupiat (Jones 1983), Chugach Eskimo, Dena'ina (Russell 2012), and the Sitka Tribe of the Tlingkit
(<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYdh_VQ9rsU">Store Outside Your Door
2011</a>). Later in the summer, the tender leaves can still be eaten or used
for seasoning oil, fish, or soups (Jones 1983). The Kwakwaka’wakw had a name for
the plant (Boas 1921) but no uses are published. I crushed, smelled, and tasted
the foliage of Beach Lovage and found it to be strong and spicy like mature
carrot tops or parsley. They had a strong flavor that I agree would be good in
soups or mixed with milder greens. I also sampled the roots raw and found them
to have a strong but not disagreeable flavor. However, when I later searched
the ethnobotanical literature, I could find no references of the roots being
used.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifT_SW8RUxtMB3Sgt-yw1xscPu40NoVlaRSRVNNrfbH-_51spc7uB6cR9FS0Dc6KTaZVgw4MGLXG_OHQBxvrqDBOya54lmAdVGkgFln1PzDGph-k5JrKByRMQp9wERFOxUpIsPTRHz71o/s1600/20190805_111557665093018+Honckenya+peploides+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifT_SW8RUxtMB3Sgt-yw1xscPu40NoVlaRSRVNNrfbH-_51spc7uB6cR9FS0Dc6KTaZVgw4MGLXG_OHQBxvrqDBOya54lmAdVGkgFln1PzDGph-k5JrKByRMQp9wERFOxUpIsPTRHz71o/s320/20190805_111557665093018+Honckenya+peploides+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" width="180" /></a>The same beach also provided Sea Beach Sandwort (<i>Honkeyena
peploides</i>), a leafy green eaten by the Inupiate (Jones 1983). Like the name
suggests, these plants are only found on sand and pebble beaches from Alaska
southward to the central Oregon coast. Look for them on storm battered beaches above the normal high tide
line but below the forest in the spray or “littoral” zone. They have succulent
thick leaves with a milder flavor than many other mustard greens. Anore Jones (1983)
writes that the shoots and young leaves are best in the spring before they
flower; traditionally they are eaten fresh in the spring or cooked and
fermented for use all year. She adds that today many people also eat the greens
fresh or blanched in salads, or boiled as a pot-herb. Like so many of our
native greens, this tasty plant was overlooked by the Coast Salish and most
other Northwest Coast Indigenous harvesters, as well as more contemporary
foragers. However, this trip has taught me that the Inupiate like their greens.</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN0YfMrVJwYyXf8Jj55d1Deijc7u_a_2zMnGdeC_Vjwe2HnsSUsxhyphenhyphen5HWnzxbWqRbD7yO3lSbNQ6X3mKIJ6y-uG6UgDZXo_rBABsgDM93oPb4SlO3vXQYYLgkCxY1HSscmrxGbEkhleZE/s1600/20190807_012750+Honckenya+peploides+Seabeach+Sandwort+habitat+view+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN0YfMrVJwYyXf8Jj55d1Deijc7u_a_2zMnGdeC_Vjwe2HnsSUsxhyphenhyphen5HWnzxbWqRbD7yO3lSbNQ6X3mKIJ6y-uG6UgDZXo_rBABsgDM93oPb4SlO3vXQYYLgkCxY1HSscmrxGbEkhleZE/s400/20190807_012750+Honckenya+peploides+Seabeach+Sandwort+habitat+view+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seabeach Sandwort habitat</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjUmnOTSJpEjDZdjB6UmWTxhBnN3l8J1lJh7xkzCpFwhnHknmdbfJIXqNeMmUXw9UHY9Elua_vqEXZItmITuZYHMGpmoYVI3QuMH59gLPbB_sMkeOnY8M2LhXyIuQsTTn_KEgrfc6oaxo/s1600/20190806_1050261275424779+Shepherdia+canadensis+Soapberry+fruit+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjUmnOTSJpEjDZdjB6UmWTxhBnN3l8J1lJh7xkzCpFwhnHknmdbfJIXqNeMmUXw9UHY9Elua_vqEXZItmITuZYHMGpmoYVI3QuMH59gLPbB_sMkeOnY8M2LhXyIuQsTTn_KEgrfc6oaxo/s320/20190806_1050261275424779+Shepherdia+canadensis+Soapberry+fruit+Glacier+Bay+NP.jpeg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Soapberries were everywhere</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
My palate freshened with new flavors, I decided it was
time to clean the rest of myself. I took a plunge in a clear saltwater lagoon, warmed
in the sun, and met back up with Christian and Danny to set out for our next
camp. The tailwind kicked up again in the afternoon and we paddled lackadaisically,
letting the wind blow us as we admired the Humpbacks. We made camp on an island
near the Hugh Miller Lagoon, and paddled into the lagoon to explore. Inside the
water smelled fishy; mergansers, geese, and Bald Eagles were abundant. We headed
to the delta of the Hugh Miller River and watched Pink Salmon run up the braided
channels that were so shallow that their humped backs were exposed as they
wriggled upstream. Wolf, Grizzly Bear, and Moose tracks were everywhere! We caught
a salmon, barbequed it on the beach so as not to bring the scent back to camp,
and then walked up the sandy delta. The sun was nearly behind the ridge when we
turned around and a large Grizzly was near our canoe fishing for salmon. With
little wasted effort, he walked the shoreline until he saw a fish, paused for
the proper moment, then plunged his head into the water with jaws agape
catching the salmon in his teach. Dragging the fish ashore, his claws pinned it
to the ground while he tore pieces away with his teeth. What took 30 minutes
to cook and fed the three of us, was gobbled by the bear in seconds.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4BxebSg8eGEP7WtN7eBtFRmK0zbfuA4ZeScCSJ42rYTXk47P41vHzIl1QHE9JJw129iNxEuEZAoyiS-ZjHKgipMufXa1Cy2qibGqYEFOW-Y_QGwqh3eOsF9vm4kyefJxp7lwUxIXQJ0M/s1600/20190804_1516301666226947+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+Glacier+Bay+NP+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1304" data-original-width="1600" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4BxebSg8eGEP7WtN7eBtFRmK0zbfuA4ZeScCSJ42rYTXk47P41vHzIl1QHE9JJw129iNxEuEZAoyiS-ZjHKgipMufXa1Cy2qibGqYEFOW-Y_QGwqh3eOsF9vm4kyefJxp7lwUxIXQJ0M/s320/20190804_1516301666226947+Vaccinium+uliginosum+Bog+Blueberry+Glacier+Bay+NP+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The first Bog Blueberries were starting to ripen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Back at camp there was finely enough drift-wood on the
beach to support a fire, and we roasted the last of our sausage before bed. The
next morning, Christian rigged a sail and we slowly made our way to the pick up
point at Blue Mouse Cove. Back on a powerboat headed for civilization, the eyes
of the day passengers were full of questions. I watched the shoreline pass by
quickly and pondered the blisters on my hands, my sunburned nose and taught shoulders.
Glacier Bay had given me more than I had hoped for. We ate sumptuously what
nature had to offer, we had a high adventure in an elemental land, and we enjoyed
each others company. I only wish I had another week!</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-1864498284385534312019-07-02T17:24:00.000-07:002019-07-09T23:15:38.415-07:00Sand Verbena- Mana of the Sand<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpUvJgSE4QGft11JRJpudybWlur_f4CT4yXHQh1gwWnHIOxHaDLErHqkVBTrynB8VfJfrVXEzf8LVbVSTD7Du9mpq8i3QNJ4n39Fvw23gJ9yifyv6ROj67GOw5kLU8s54IE-kzYRiSfiM/s1600/P1000810+Abronia+latifolia+Saanich.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpUvJgSE4QGft11JRJpudybWlur_f4CT4yXHQh1gwWnHIOxHaDLErHqkVBTrynB8VfJfrVXEzf8LVbVSTD7Du9mpq8i3QNJ4n39Fvw23gJ9yifyv6ROj67GOw5kLU8s54IE-kzYRiSfiM/s320/P1000810+Abronia+latifolia+Saanich.JPG" width="320" /></a>I never knew Sand Verbena (<i>Abronia latifolia</i>) until I took an ethnobotany class at Fairhaven College with John Tuxill in
2007. One of our assignments was to create a Coast Salish ethnobotany garden and each
student selected a plant to include in the garden. I picked Cascade Blueberry (<i>Vaccinium
deliciosum</i>) on account of its tasty berries. A lady named Amanda choose
to include Sand Verbena, but I never knew why. It wasn’t until I read an
article by Patricia Phelps in 2013 that I realized Sand Verbena has an edible
root. Last weekend, I satisfied a longtime curiosity and dug up a Sand Verbena root
from a dense patch on Lopez Island. They are huge!! Below is a description and
a report on my first taste. </div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Description</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6m6B3g0iriUOaN9nP_Tm4P9kCca3GuRnjIJhnXsoy5s5q09DwdZosk7U5sHLP9RS6qpBt-AGJbTTxGXatW9uizFjbV8qoBDmHQeqTU6v90BmmgeLvCw1xsSiVttob3T6CTyw4vziRY0/s1600/IMG_9138+Abronia+latifolia+Yellow+Sandverbena+West+Beach+Deception+Pass.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6m6B3g0iriUOaN9nP_Tm4P9kCca3GuRnjIJhnXsoy5s5q09DwdZosk7U5sHLP9RS6qpBt-AGJbTTxGXatW9uizFjbV8qoBDmHQeqTU6v90BmmgeLvCw1xsSiVttob3T6CTyw4vziRY0/s320/IMG_9138+Abronia+latifolia+Yellow+Sandverbena+West+Beach+Deception+Pass.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
Sand Verbena is a vining herbaceous perennial that grows
from a thick taproot. Fleshy stems radiate from the taproot and lay prostrate
or partially buried in the sand. The leaves are succulent, nearly round or triangular
with a rounded corners, smooth with a few prominent veins on the underside.
Flowers are borne in clusters on long axially stems. Each cluster contains 12-20
yellow, trumpet-like flowers with 5 cleft lobes that bloom from May to August. The
entire plant except the upper leaf surfaces are covered with fine resinous
hairs that cause sand to stick to it, a trait which evidently discourages animal
browse.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Habitat and Range</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyVbDXgsMPT57NKoQKItP1g2XwqhZ5APEnKJkSHE2v0pAqLnHzZCFbFruasop-sMOyeaWMdxJLjEDfbbT5IJFHUzZJrPTadbJXfC320Lrkw_ojwyC6nfkvwTg-FwiLopH-VdDYQWkhlZo/s1600/IMG_0236+Abronia+latifolia+Sand+Verbena+habitat+Lopez+Island+good.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyVbDXgsMPT57NKoQKItP1g2XwqhZ5APEnKJkSHE2v0pAqLnHzZCFbFruasop-sMOyeaWMdxJLjEDfbbT5IJFHUzZJrPTadbJXfC320Lrkw_ojwyC6nfkvwTg-FwiLopH-VdDYQWkhlZo/s320/IMG_0236+Abronia+latifolia+Sand+Verbena+habitat+Lopez+Island+good.JPG" width="320" /></a>Sand Verbena is found from Point Conception near Santa Barbara California to Cape Scott on the north tip of Vancouver Island. It grows almost exclusively
on sand dunes and pure sand beaches where it is usually found out of reach of
the highest tides, up above the driftwood. In Washington, it appears to benefit
from the periodic human disturbances and I see it along beach paths and around picnic
tables. While Sand Verbena can be locally abundant, the sandy habitat that it
requires is uncommon. Probably for this reason, it is classified as rare in
British Columbia and Oregon.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Ethnobotany</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The large tap roots are traditionally eaten by the Chinook
(Brown 1868), Klallam and Makah (Gunther 1973), and probably the Saanich
(Turner and Bell 1973). Patricia Phillips (2016) uses historical plant
descriptions and Indigenous nomenclature to suggest their use by the Coos,
Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw (see her <a href="https://ethnobotanywesternoregon.wordpress.com/2013/03/06/yellow-sand-verbena-part-2/">blog</a>
too). Gunther provides the most detail with flavor and harvest season
information: “The Klallam informant compared them to sugar beets. The Makah eat
them in the fall.” In describing the foods eaten by the Chinook in Shoalwater Bay, James Swan (1857) lists a plant "of the Mesembryanthemum species, with a root like a yam, which, baked or boiled, is excellent. This...is found on the sea-side, in the sand near the beach." Many plants in genus Mesembryanthemum are commonly called "ice plant," which have succulent leaves very much like Sand Verbena.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Harvest and preparation</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsOXxE0upFzgjzyME9QZZBU8UAkeE_zFSBxwmFKMeyJ7mrBaaFsTm7-9rYdDlA4hgkVxDKoTsGtHmFXTA6bwNS_1QAIwtttSeVMHnwlKy2MrEUi48Zd8Mi2cgLVM_EtFTHYgEdnCW0gIY/s1600/IMG_0250+Abronia+latifolia+Sand+Verbena+root+Lopez+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsOXxE0upFzgjzyME9QZZBU8UAkeE_zFSBxwmFKMeyJ7mrBaaFsTm7-9rYdDlA4hgkVxDKoTsGtHmFXTA6bwNS_1QAIwtttSeVMHnwlKy2MrEUi48Zd8Mi2cgLVM_EtFTHYgEdnCW0gIY/s320/IMG_0250+Abronia+latifolia+Sand+Verbena+root+Lopez+Island.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpDjiolHuPk1wrzQGkNHiZxcAtU4DfhyphenhyphenldyYkyrRhNtRLkPBur_akIuGdD6ox8FuDsF2PmwTX75-7YTfEp_3AnRA6pDyAOv6hxyHZwukqpPHe7DPtjwk0NTkj6HH4oCr3I9679OyThBxk/s1600/IMG_0314+Abronia+latiflia+Sand+Verbena+root.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpDjiolHuPk1wrzQGkNHiZxcAtU4DfhyphenhyphenldyYkyrRhNtRLkPBur_akIuGdD6ox8FuDsF2PmwTX75-7YTfEp_3AnRA6pDyAOv6hxyHZwukqpPHe7DPtjwk0NTkj6HH4oCr3I9679OyThBxk/s320/IMG_0314+Abronia+latiflia+Sand+Verbena+root.JPG" width="320" /></a>Finding the Sand Verbena tap root proved to be a little
bit of a challenge. In extensive stands, I followed the stems through the sand for
10 minutes until I lost track of where I had been and gave up. I had better
luck finding a small colony and followed stems to the center where I scraped
away the sand and revealed the top of the tap root. It was huge! With a root crown that was roughly 3" in diameter, I initially mistook it for a piece of driftwood.
Using my hands I pulled back the loose dry sand near the surface. Following it downward, I began scooping handfuls of consolidated sand around the edges of the root. About six inches down the sand became damp and compacted.
Using a small digging stick, I deepened the hole to eight inches, and noticing
the root had tapered to an inch in diameter, I realized I had more than enough
to taste and broke it off. I dusted the sand off and packed it home.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg87E1wCB_uwjwFp57M27GGUUxMtG-IVsuJfTYlwCs3SGxZtA-LhW2jbkyi5aZM2IvEPS68JbmximAdlD0A2fFiCkA6ko2vr6U-6qdrbd0KN8TtTwDzzhwz0nMa6UmSIPXaJCXGyvPpPhg/s1600/IMG_0324+Abronia+latiflia+Sand+Verbena+root.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg87E1wCB_uwjwFp57M27GGUUxMtG-IVsuJfTYlwCs3SGxZtA-LhW2jbkyi5aZM2IvEPS68JbmximAdlD0A2fFiCkA6ko2vr6U-6qdrbd0KN8TtTwDzzhwz0nMa6UmSIPXaJCXGyvPpPhg/s320/IMG_0324+Abronia+latiflia+Sand+Verbena+root.JPG" width="320" /></a>Over the next two days I had several tastes of the root. Raw, the root has a very firm texture and a subtle smell of cucumber. It is softer than
a parsnip and drier than a potato, with flavor somewhere in between the two. Boiling for five minutes did little to change the roots character; it softened to that of a cooked parsnip and tasted more like a potato with a hint of sweetness and a mild peppery
after taste. I fried a couple thin slices of the root for 10 minutes and these had a more peppery, though not dissagreable, taste. Perhaps boiling leaches out some of the peppery constituent. In any case, I think Sand Verbena root would serve well as a base carbohydrate for a meal and easily take on added flavoring. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKeQ7uaU0R9uN6dqIO7BPf6kInBKqX9nLrnB2jD676JOQMEjWCvffEZ9uorokEUep1VEUzZu58Xus7FDT9EuZE64kaBdJHqBrA5C4vrMN6c7P5miNv_K09M0Va6DQmcSNixfqhZp55MbE/s1600/IMG_0326+Abronia+latiflia+Sand+Verbena+root.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKeQ7uaU0R9uN6dqIO7BPf6kInBKqX9nLrnB2jD676JOQMEjWCvffEZ9uorokEUep1VEUzZu58Xus7FDT9EuZE64kaBdJHqBrA5C4vrMN6c7P5miNv_K09M0Va6DQmcSNixfqhZp55MbE/s400/IMG_0326+Abronia+latiflia+Sand+Verbena+root.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cooked Sand Verbena root that has been boiled (left) and fried (right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Conclusions</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib0lgEQkahJQCle79Zn__OlR7N45iXeGdAtHYFwA8ptIcJrUX25_uu36OFZLSzr7Qnlki5tywEts8dAFyt86C5QwWnJueGLfyR3W7L34DpBtgQGJQQHqCdegWMbTXcG3NeN8_V1Z105rY/s1600/IMG_0320+Abronia+latiflia+Sand+Verbena+root.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib0lgEQkahJQCle79Zn__OlR7N45iXeGdAtHYFwA8ptIcJrUX25_uu36OFZLSzr7Qnlki5tywEts8dAFyt86C5QwWnJueGLfyR3W7L34DpBtgQGJQQHqCdegWMbTXcG3NeN8_V1Z105rY/s320/IMG_0320+Abronia+latiflia+Sand+Verbena+root.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the faint growth rings present in this cross section</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
My very limited first tastes yielded promising result. Sand
Verbena has an enormous root that is easy to harvest, quick to cook, and has
mild flavor, soft texture, and likely, substantial caloric value. These are all
very exciting traits in a wild food. However, I find it necessary to temper my
excitement with some consideration for the limited growth of this plant. It is
only found along sandy coastlines and may grow too slowly on the nutrient poor
dunes to harvest sustainably. A horizontal cross section of the root suggests the
presence of annual growth rings. If that is true, my 3” diameter root is eight years old.</div>
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<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Brown, Robert 1868. On the Vegetable Produces, Used by
the Northwest American Indians as Food and Medicine in the Arts and in
Superstitious Rites.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Gunther, Erna 1973. Ethnobotany of Western Washington.ob</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Nancy Turner and Marcus Bell 1971. The Ethnobotany of the
Coast Salish.<br />
<br />
Phillips, Patricia 2016. Ethnobotany of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians.</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-36717761009483050752019-06-21T12:57:00.001-07:002019-06-21T12:57:56.389-07:00Coastal Wild Food Mission<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWPNOfjE4_CWjEQOehsiJmKlFFNZ89ooJ1969RGrhuDQIpKuCj6gR7qfXeQ0ZEoBZfVzmQz1zlGJRKgxLqsot8uEUGvkPafjIQIRHzjIrghThM4t0YplENNSUaX4g48e3HckxB1EFWCpU/s1600/IMG_20190105_141825+Making+Yew+Halibut+Hook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWPNOfjE4_CWjEQOehsiJmKlFFNZ89ooJ1969RGrhuDQIpKuCj6gR7qfXeQ0ZEoBZfVzmQz1zlGJRKgxLqsot8uEUGvkPafjIQIRHzjIrghThM4t0YplENNSUaX4g48e3HckxB1EFWCpU/s320/IMG_20190105_141825+Making+Yew+Halibut+Hook.jpg" width="320" /></a>In early January, I spent a week foraging for wild foods
along the coast of the Olympic Peninsula <br />
with some kindred spirits. Typical of
winters on the Peninsula, we had some intense rain, but we not only endured, we
enjoyed ourselves and feasted on some excellent seafood. Here is my account of
the adventure.<br />
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My friend Eli directs the <a href="https://www.boss-inc.com/" target="_blank">Boulder Outdoor Survival School(BOSS)</a>, one of the oldest and best survival schools in the country. Last fall he
asked me if I would help with a staff retreat that incorporated some lessons in
wild foods and coastal ethnobotany. I readily agreed as I enjoy nothing more than
teaching people that already have a keen interest nature. Furthermore, I looked
forward to trading skills with his instructors. Eli polled the staff for availability,
and early January was the only suitable block of time. </div>
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I knew straightaway that if we were going to find
anything to eat in January, we had to find a stretch of the coast with a diversity
of beaches. Not much grows on land during our dark wet winters, but sea
critters like it wet, and don’t mind the dark that much either. We also needed
a relatively wild stretch of shoreline on public land so we could build shelters,
have fires, and harvest foods without breaking any park rules. With some
scouting and a bit of luck, Eli and I found some shoreline managed by the Washington
State Department of Natural Resources along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Access
was limited to boat, a ½ mile bushwhack down a steep hill through heavy brush,
or a mile-long walk along the beach at low tide. These limitations along with
the season virtually guaranteed some privacy. It was perfect! or so we thought….</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kkYqx0BySsjiXlYOFQsOfbb2KXkN0a4K_yqV9hpIuZqfdaxv-C4W9FnjuzjwlZpI-TiX8jd1FbuK35Q_kB99NMmihF6QVSf0nS3dox6TIKlzgKShG-lpfGZcPfz6CjhDlbQ5soPtfuU/s1600/IMG_20181231_145213+Loaded+Canoe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kkYqx0BySsjiXlYOFQsOfbb2KXkN0a4K_yqV9hpIuZqfdaxv-C4W9FnjuzjwlZpI-TiX8jd1FbuK35Q_kB99NMmihF6QVSf0nS3dox6TIKlzgKShG-lpfGZcPfz6CjhDlbQ5soPtfuU/s320/IMG_20181231_145213+Loaded+Canoe.jpg" width="320" /></a>I met the BOSS team in Bellingham and we loaded gear, my
18’ Grumman canoe and supplementary food into vehicles. We carpooled to Whidbey
Island, onto the Port Townsend’s Ferry, and westward on HWY 20 making a final
stop in Port Angeles for fishing licenses and some tackle. When we arrived at
our launch point, the tide was low enough for the beach walk, but I loaded my
canoe with the heavier gear like canvas tarps. After introductions and some inspirational
words, we all carried the loaded canoe into the water and set out afoot and
afloat down the beach. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-8QHsDpy7f2TrVyeUC1LwoLOh2MUvznvAIFeNpQcDmxlr5aOg5jjeunJ6FqUksqi3TjOANOH1Qel4hVmi8CRC6JoKUCrx9Pm5Tp3RcaO7jD7L8mJrmCQjCBuRWOfCrdv3MILHPSZ3TTs/s1600/IMG-2630+Hiking+on+Beach.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-8QHsDpy7f2TrVyeUC1LwoLOh2MUvznvAIFeNpQcDmxlr5aOg5jjeunJ6FqUksqi3TjOANOH1Qel4hVmi8CRC6JoKUCrx9Pm5Tp3RcaO7jD7L8mJrmCQjCBuRWOfCrdv3MILHPSZ3TTs/s320/IMG-2630+Hiking+on+Beach.JPG" width="320" /></a>It was a ceremonial launch for the adventure. And boy, did
it start to feel adventurous right away. With a new friend in the bow we ventured
into the ocean in the open top canoe. Waves were breaking where they met a long
shallow sandstone shelf, and I wove through shallows to avoid them, but the
falling tide had us between a rock and a wet place. We were only ½ way to our
destination before a rocky point began forcing us towards the break. In a last-ditch
effort to stay out of the break we squeezed through two rocks that proved to be
too shallow and grounded us. Jumping out into the cold water lightened the load
a little, but we were still stuck. We waited for waves to float the boat temporarily
and heaved it through the channel for one last bit of easy paddling on the
other side. With no more “inside” options, and a better sense of the water
temperature, and too little freeboard to get through the break dry, I decided
to head for shore and ditch some weight.</div>
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We dropped about half the gear on the beach and headed out
again. We made it through a 2 foot break without taking too much water, rounded
the point, and made quick time in deeper water towards camp. The waves were about
a foot larger on the other side of the point and sent a menacing spray into the
air as they crashed hard against a much steeper beach near camp. Nervously we
approached the backside of the break, paused for a lull between sets, and boogied
for the beach where friends helped us pull the canoe up the steep cobble beach before
it was dashed by the waves.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFL1mL44XmZCI_lMMWr_qLhwrIsVg_z3U7ifeMOdx7XlKoH69_xzQ8JHPYql9l31ThR9aFXH_rRUqvErSgZ3Nwj4HSLl_gY_staU_k6Stm1UNavA91QaFzcUs1GM5l0Bg3q5OzTd4hlmA/s1600/IMG_4673+Beach+shelter+BOSS.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFL1mL44XmZCI_lMMWr_qLhwrIsVg_z3U7ifeMOdx7XlKoH69_xzQ8JHPYql9l31ThR9aFXH_rRUqvErSgZ3Nwj4HSLl_gY_staU_k6Stm1UNavA91QaFzcUs1GM5l0Bg3q5OzTd4hlmA/s320/IMG_4673+Beach+shelter+BOSS.HEIC" width="320" /></a>Darkness was fast approaching, so we set up tarps, built
a fire, and settled in. The tied was low just after sunset, so we went on our
first harvesting mission. Limpets and mossy chitons were in abundance so we
plucked a few to roast over the fire. That evening was New Years Eve, so we stayed
up for hours after sunset and howled at the moon with each bottle of Champagne
that we opened. We might have even made it until mid-night.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjudiG95d_sX_4DqEtJQPt81HX-kfdo-EJ5TTn9FftFUW0ASiIbBmSzui9gcm1WQoUYdFgvnKoV5J_0Z-mqjpvCMA3sEzRbcRdDsfq4fGVafGMMO3hpnxOwLEPg7lFwCgdJXkzLfWs92t0/s1600/IMG_7705+Gathering+Spruce+Roots.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjudiG95d_sX_4DqEtJQPt81HX-kfdo-EJ5TTn9FftFUW0ASiIbBmSzui9gcm1WQoUYdFgvnKoV5J_0Z-mqjpvCMA3sEzRbcRdDsfq4fGVafGMMO3hpnxOwLEPg7lFwCgdJXkzLfWs92t0/s320/IMG_7705+Gathering+Spruce+Roots.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Collecting spruce roots for our Halibut hooks</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Over the next two days of unseasonably warm and dry
weather we explored the uplands during the day harvesting Miner’s Lettuce, Chickweed,
Witches Butter mushrooms, and some oddly fresh stinging nettles. I even saw a Thimbleberry
in flower on January 1<sup>st</sup>! We also dug spruce roots and collected
bitter cherry bark for weaving projects. When the tide was low in the evenings,
we scoured the shorelines for seaweed, and shellfish, which were oddly absent.
I was expecting easy clam digging on the gravel beaches and mussel harvesting
on the rocky beaches, but the siltstone substrate mainly supported Rough Pidocks,
which burrow so far into the soft rock that you can’t extract them. We did find
the occasional Heart Cockle. The wild food highlights were a Giant Pacific
Octopus that we found on the beach. The thing was big enough to feed us for two
days. One evening all we ate was battered and fried tentacles until our bellies
were full. The most memorable meals was a limpet, chiton, octopus pialla.</div>
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On the third day in camp, a light rain rolled in, that
picked up in the evening. The next day heavy rain was forecasted, and not
wanting to sit under a smoky tarp all day, we decided to go for an adventure
into Olympic National Park to show the Midwesterners what real trees looked
like. While the park was closed on account of the Government shutdown, we
skirted the road and bushwhacked into a patch of massive spruce trees that were
dripping with rain and moss. Many were over 7’ in diameter! As soon as we lost
sight of the road, it felt like the grove went on forever. Some of the mossy
hollows under logs were almost dry, and the thick carpets of duff with a soft
blanket of moss would have been divine to camp on, if they weren’t soaking wet.
It was an authentic way to experience a rainforest.</div>
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On the way home, we decided to forage along a new different
beach during the after dark low, which turned out to be a bust, because it was too
sandy for clams. By about 11PM and everyone was soaked head to toe and ready to
head back to camp for dinner. The rain was falling so hard on our walk along
the beach near camp that I often couldn’t see trees on the shoreline. I was further
disoriented by the extremely flat shoreline, and rushing of brown water down
the beach. It was like I was crossing a huge shallow river. With an unsettled
knot in my stomach, I pushed to the front of the group so that I could focus on
wayfinding while my BOSS compatriots scoured the shoreline for shellfish.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGhCaYuZN-wL3seNxX4U1qIlwbHTrsqjV9KLKqV5XHBKTefom_ogQRF6fDYDzM22izmSiwrbDNKTkd2T1ZYWiP-qZaOAqEs9cjsutg3wY95zoIwMLnmtS3jm-ufSGvoM7R7ccg5AsD9ZY/s1600/P1020272+Swamped+Camp+Olympic+Penninsula.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGhCaYuZN-wL3seNxX4U1qIlwbHTrsqjV9KLKqV5XHBKTefom_ogQRF6fDYDzM22izmSiwrbDNKTkd2T1ZYWiP-qZaOAqEs9cjsutg3wY95zoIwMLnmtS3jm-ufSGvoM7R7ccg5AsD9ZY/s320/P1020272+Swamped+Camp+Olympic+Penninsula.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gear floating under our sleeping shelter</td></tr>
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Eli beat us to camp by taking the high route, and
fortunately had a nice fire going by the time we all arrived. What was less
fortunate, was the news he shared. Our camp was inundated with a foot of water!
The sheet flow that was flooding the beach also flooded our camp. What were we going
to do? We were cold, hungry, and without anywhere to sleep. </div>
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Food seemed like the easiest thing to take care of. We
hadn’t eaten for 14 hours and maybe everything would seem better once our bellies
were full and our bones, a little warmer. As the intensity of chewing slackened,
we started to weigh our options. Should we sleep in the well drained and relatively
dry gravel intertidal zone, and get up before high tide, or hike to the top of
the bluff. I was concerned that the 200’ high slopes above camp was steep,
saturated, and prone to landslides. In fact, I was pretty sure that two of the silty
torrents we walked through on our return to camp were draining recent slides. We
decided to move to the top of the bluff.</div>
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At 12:30PM, we broke camp under dimming headlamps. Bringing
only a few tarps and our sleeping gear, we made for the headland. Clawing our
way up the slippery slope we couldn’t help but laugh at the absurdity of it all.
Nature had turned this staff retreat a real adventure! At the top we found an
old World War II bunker, but despite the thick concrete ceiling, it was flooded
with water. We set up two tarps for a group shelter on a flat spot nearby and
snuggled for warmth in our sodden sleeping bags. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amazingly, I got some sleep. </div>
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In the morning we slid our way back down the hill,
finished tearing down the rest of camp, and loaded the canoe for our paddle out.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0fX8AywJs6wDtfotYHo2qHu_EnkHfv314Iom9LdrMkwJ8KrBAm3bXXl0BaziRtdCf6zoC0ibwCCG3V1QzKaWO-7SNf0KNWgl0x0f81ZJkOCmdJ-139EFSkBlXqRKEeA2uYV1W1EY4KgM/s1600/IMG_20181231_192710+BOSS+beach+fire+Olympic+Penninsula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0fX8AywJs6wDtfotYHo2qHu_EnkHfv314Iom9LdrMkwJ8KrBAm3bXXl0BaziRtdCf6zoC0ibwCCG3V1QzKaWO-7SNf0KNWgl0x0f81ZJkOCmdJ-139EFSkBlXqRKEeA2uYV1W1EY4KgM/s320/IMG_20181231_192710+BOSS+beach+fire+Olympic+Penninsula.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My new BOSS friends around a campfire</td></tr>
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I learned a valuable lesson about my own capacity to
generate heat on this trip. No matter how wet my clothes were, if I kept moving,
I could not only stay warm, but I could dry them out over time. Naturally, a
fire was a faster way to go about this, and that is the great thing about camping
with BOSS instructors. They can ALWAYS get a fire started, even during the
wettest season at one of the wettest places in Washington. This vital comfort of
a fire was never lost to us.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Our final meal: Clam Chowder, Acorn Bread, Wild Rice, and Chickweed Salad</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-78938112857269156442019-06-14T20:47:00.000-07:002019-07-02T22:51:13.353-07:00Giant Vetch, A “sketchy vetch-pea” or a tasty edible?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Last week I paddled down the North Fork of the Skagit
River to Craft Island with my brother Christian and Lindsey for a barbeque on the beach. I
found a healthy population of Giant Vetch (<i>Vicia nigricans </i>ssp<i>
gigantea</i>) growing along the shoreline with peas ripe for the picking. Aware
of the Kwakwaka’wakw use of this plant for food, I decided to give it a taste. For
years I have approached all wild peas with trepidation because of lore among
the wild food community that they are toxic. However, the time was also ripe
for evaluating the facts and conducting a cautious experiment. But first, the
plant:</div>
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</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp5RJBop1YzGrVWWx1yUxUMlsEzoqa9xnQ2PMIGOdNN0eoisWhjcizR_uOvITiRV1KFRb5485PdYgiVmN8sfkvQFQTU3RmuFckEScNBRE3kd4ymtZ-nvoXMQKXNAvEud60h12hq6d696k/s1600/P1060093+Craft+Island+slough.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp5RJBop1YzGrVWWx1yUxUMlsEzoqa9xnQ2PMIGOdNN0eoisWhjcizR_uOvITiRV1KFRb5485PdYgiVmN8sfkvQFQTU3RmuFckEScNBRE3kd4ymtZ-nvoXMQKXNAvEud60h12hq6d696k/s400/P1060093+Craft+Island+slough.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br />
<b>Description</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3qduJBLuga15AeEF3uMy59hOKr4WgfFqvTmkl1KpqQ3NoBqgC8yFkOP4ac_txqseUeAc-KcMvTeGetWCC4xgM7owyG7pah174IxnC10-XYuYy-KpRHiDafooGkOGPLyEb47yUFgmowxg/s1600/P1060298+Vicia+nigricans+ssp.+gigantea+Calvert+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3qduJBLuga15AeEF3uMy59hOKr4WgfFqvTmkl1KpqQ3NoBqgC8yFkOP4ac_txqseUeAc-KcMvTeGetWCC4xgM7owyG7pah174IxnC10-XYuYy-KpRHiDafooGkOGPLyEb47yUFgmowxg/s200/P1060298+Vicia+nigricans+ssp.+gigantea+Calvert+Island.JPG" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIGIA49PS9lZYorZ4zg3wCHtUdebJakA5RacNzt7dwcKkRqslrJbmViEODPelFuQSi1__IH3jt0AFBfJFKpsEPcsGosGP301YzCH3WBx7VBXqRjWr9vbKKWhqimtR0ZoWr90IkGjz-cNg/s1600/IMG_9595+Vicia+nigricans+gigantea+Giant+Vetch+peas+Craft+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIGIA49PS9lZYorZ4zg3wCHtUdebJakA5RacNzt7dwcKkRqslrJbmViEODPelFuQSi1__IH3jt0AFBfJFKpsEPcsGosGP301YzCH3WBx7VBXqRjWr9vbKKWhqimtR0ZoWr90IkGjz-cNg/s320/IMG_9595+Vicia+nigricans+gigantea+Giant+Vetch+peas+Craft+Island.JPG" width="320" /></a>Giant vetch is our most robust species of
vetch with herbaceous stems that can clamber up grass and other vegetation to a
height of 3-6 feet. The stems, leaves, and flowers are all minutely haired to
hairless. Leaves are pinnately compound with 18-30 leaflets that are more or
less opposite. Each leaf has a large stipule at the base and a well-developed tendril
at the tip which divides into 3-7 branches that enable the plant to trellis up surrounding
vegetation. Flowers are irregular but lack obvious petals being fused into
a tubular corolla with a conspicuous boomerang-like bend. The corolla is 5/8-3/4”
long, creamy white at the base and pink at the tips when fresh but fading quickly
to orange or light brown. The calyx is half the length of the corolla, purple and
green in color, and crowned with prominent triangular lobes. Flowers are borne
on a compact raceme of 7-20 flowers arising from the leaf axils on leafless
stalks (peduncles) that are several times longer than the raceme. The peas
develop inside pods, which contain 5-8 peas. Pods are initially green and flattened
but swell to nearly cylindrical as the peas mature. Each pea is roughly the
size of a garden pea.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrG5HXjEsDrWwOCyKaVj7g8sD6Y7ONM7Mp-wRH7FosTqSK-MwFcxrQnwfma_PuyCqxXc2k5lmiAfNXQp-hAim0sH3zYxrEN-FXRLTJG0nLVOMAuHuAyNXvbb_f7a4kg8nICZOuacuYahw/s1600/Vicia+nigricans+Giant+Vetch+Distribution+Map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="321" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrG5HXjEsDrWwOCyKaVj7g8sD6Y7ONM7Mp-wRH7FosTqSK-MwFcxrQnwfma_PuyCqxXc2k5lmiAfNXQp-hAim0sH3zYxrEN-FXRLTJG0nLVOMAuHuAyNXvbb_f7a4kg8nICZOuacuYahw/s200/Vicia+nigricans+Giant+Vetch+Distribution+Map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Habitat and Range</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Giant Vetch is predominantly a coastal species found in salt
marshes, sand and gravel beaches, as well as rocky shorelines in the transition
zone where driftwood often accumulates, from the Channel Islands in California
northward to Sitka Alaska. In Washington and Oregon, it also grows on river
levees, lakeshores, and upland environments with ample sunlight and enough
disturbance to keep woody plants at bay. For example, I occasionally see it on
rural roads and powerline corridors that are mowed less than once a year.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwZiXuXb0y04sPHrpRfM8fQCVaPvc0Hd6IfVkFw1i0aQt2p5TSH5h4mRO3W25merGEoJxLM4w7Yp1yUxrOwuoqCuJm7AcdV1Ibr_KZGIlQrHf5NI0GAOwjaTU1N17dJKHBY2546sx7G-Y/s1600/IMG_9594+Vicia+nigricans+gigantea+Giant+Vetch+Craft+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwZiXuXb0y04sPHrpRfM8fQCVaPvc0Hd6IfVkFw1i0aQt2p5TSH5h4mRO3W25merGEoJxLM4w7Yp1yUxrOwuoqCuJm7AcdV1Ibr_KZGIlQrHf5NI0GAOwjaTU1N17dJKHBY2546sx7G-Y/s640/IMG_9594+Vicia+nigricans+gigantea+Giant+Vetch+Craft+Island.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Ethnobotany</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Despite the sizeable peas, the ethnobotanical literature
for Giant Vetch is minimal. The earliest record comes from the botanist George Suckley and ethnographer George Gibbs (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITAzAQAAMAAJ&pg" target="_blank">Suckley and Coooper 1860</a>), who explored the route of the future Northern Pacific Railroad line from the Cascade Crest to the Puget Sound in 1854 and 1855. They noted that Giant Vetch was abundant at Fort Steilacoom (just south of Tacoma WA) and describe the seeds as "eatable." Shortly thereafter, Robert Brown (1868) reports that “the seeds… are
eaten,” but fails to mention by whom and how they are prepared. Leslie Haskins (1934),
the author of an early wildflower book provides an equally ambiguous account stating
that the seeds are edible and used by the Indians, but this may just be a reference to earlier botanical works and not based on personal observation. Another historical account
with little meaning comes from Edward Sturtevant, the pioneering agronomist and
author of <u>Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World</u>. He passes on what appears
to be a personal anecdote from Asa Gray, who many consider to be the father of
American Botany. Gray “remarks that the seeds are eatable, when young, like
green peas (Hedrick 1919).</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dEmu_0zy8jsJFwdZ8hPo1qAHYVEFg696lTpNB-SLi5-FoN0tGueoXro8CVd1ViYAfxEgXi9cbp7C-WS6Hk_LXidIHQmYuq_zWWXrKzBdZE5XH0-VDs0YgJawY4lL0N7c5x1Q7V8qpSU/s1600/P1080154+Vicia+nigricans+ssp.+gigantea+Bamfield+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dEmu_0zy8jsJFwdZ8hPo1qAHYVEFg696lTpNB-SLi5-FoN0tGueoXro8CVd1ViYAfxEgXi9cbp7C-WS6Hk_LXidIHQmYuq_zWWXrKzBdZE5XH0-VDs0YgJawY4lL0N7c5x1Q7V8qpSU/s320/P1080154+Vicia+nigricans+ssp.+gigantea+Bamfield+sq+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The most reliable accounts come from two Kwakwaka’wakw
elders interviewed in Fort Rupert, BC by Nancy Turner in 1969, who reported
that the seeds are roasted in their pods over a fire before being eaten. Helen
Norton (1981) also documented the use of Giant Vetch among the Kaigani Haida,
but her account is a little problematic. Several consultants told Norton that the
peas were boiled and eaten after the pods dried, but one woman was sure that
they were unsafe to eat.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
In a part of the world where very few seeds are
traditionally eaten, this dearth of ethnobotanical literature should be
expected. However, I am surprised that Giant vetch is not traditionally used in
California, where seed foods are commonly gathered.</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>My experiment</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHoYIpKc8uqVhE2PD6srctgizkVcy1A-S2SOdv47nFIcrjrzoTFIRRJa-4oJEeaehHgj5n6FWtk8-PoNjNG93LS6HH2WqtEuWMiZD-3RydSz4LkTnaQEqjkB6OyOKcW_SmgENgI3fTUas/s1600/IMG_9616+Vicia+nigricans+gigantea+Giant+Vetch+peas+lineup+sq+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHoYIpKc8uqVhE2PD6srctgizkVcy1A-S2SOdv47nFIcrjrzoTFIRRJa-4oJEeaehHgj5n6FWtk8-PoNjNG93LS6HH2WqtEuWMiZD-3RydSz4LkTnaQEqjkB6OyOKcW_SmgENgI3fTUas/s320/IMG_9616+Vicia+nigricans+gigantea+Giant+Vetch+peas+lineup+sq+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a>On June 12, 2019 I collected a dozen Giant Vetch racemes with
pods at different stages of ripeness from the northwest side of Craft Island in
Skagit County, WA. The next morning, I shelled seed pods at each stage of
ripeness to assess the differences. I found the pods that that were still
bright green contained seeds that were three quarters the size of the mature
seeds or smaller; pods that were just starting to yellow contained peas that were
green, plump, and tender looking; and pods that had started to blacken
contained hard, brown seeds. I then targeted those pods with peas that were full
sized or nearly so, and still bright green. The size of the seeds could easily
be judged by the thickness of the pod. I placed about 30 peas in two cups of water
and boiled them for 3 minutes. Then I drained the water, and ate the Giant
Vetch peas with a fork and knife. They tasted very similar to Garden Peas (<i>Pisum
sativum</i>) but were not as sweet. There texture was also very similar, but
slightly more fibrous. I monitored my health for the rest of the day and did
not notice any ill effects. </div>
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<br /></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Toxicity</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Populations of Common Vetch (<i>Vicia sativa</i>) and other
members of the <i>Vicia</i> genus have been implicated in both human and
livestock poisoning (Turner and Szczawinski 1991). Lupines (<i>Lupinus spp.</i>),
are also members of the pea family (Fabaceae) with distinctive pea pod looking
fruits. Lupines contain many toxic alkaloids, especially in the seeds and pods.
A few species also contain enzyme inhibitors (Turner and Szczawinski 1991). I
could find no accounts of Giant Vetch poisoning in humans or livestock.</div>
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<br /></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Conclusions</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Having had very positive first taste, I was left wondering
why Giant Vetch peas lack a richer history of use. My conclusion is that the plant
has three strikes against it: (1) Giant Vetch has poisonous relatives; (2) it
has a very limited range along the coast, and (3) much of its range occurs in
areas were small seeds were only marginally used by Indigenous peoples.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Please comment with your experiences if you have eaten
this plant.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Brown, Robert 1868. “On the Vegetable Products, used by the
North-West American Indians as Food and Medicine, in the Arts and in
Superstitious Rites.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria, <i><a href="http://www.pnwherbaria.org/data/results.php?DisplayAs=WebPage&ExcludeCultivated=Y&GroupBy=ungrouped&SortBy=Year&SortOrder=DESC&SearchAllHerbaria=Y&QueryCount=1&IncludeSynonyms1=Y&Genus1=vicia&Species1=nigricans&Zoom=4&Lat=55&Lng=-135&PolygonCount=0">Vicia
nigricans</a> </i>account.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
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Haskin, Leslie L. 1934. Wild Flowers of the Pacific
Coast.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Hederick, U.P. 1919. Sturtevant’s Notes on Edible Plants.<br />
<br />
North, Helen 1981. "Plant use in Ktaigani Haida Culture: Correction of an Ethnohistorical Oversight." <i>Economic Botany, </i>Vol 35, No 4. </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Suckley, Goerge and James Graham Cooper 1860. "The Natural History of Washington Territory and Oregon, with much relating to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Utah, and California, being those parts of the final reports on the Survey of the Northern Pacific Railroad Route, relating to the Natural History of the Regions Explored, with Full Catalogues and Descriptions. Bailliere Brothers, New York <br />
<br />
<br />
Turner, Nancy J. and Marcus Bell 1973. “Ethnobotany of
the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia.” <i>Economic Botany</i>, Vol
27, No 3.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Turner, Nancy J. and Adam Szczawinski 1991. <u>Common Poisonous
Plants and Mushrooms of North America</u>. Timber Press, Portland OR. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
WTU Image Gallery at the Burke Museum Herbarium, <i><a href="http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Vicia%20nigricans">Vicia
nigricans</a> </i>account</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-25675198538005769812018-01-23T18:54:00.003-08:002019-06-05T11:41:57.596-07:00NepalThis fall I took 13 Western Washington University students to Nepal to study the biodiversity, culture, and ethnobotany found in the central Himalayas for seven weeks. We trekked through Langtang National Park and met with villagers living inside the park, park staff, and conservation organizations to learn how the park is accomplishing its mission of conserving both the natural and cultural heritage. Towards the end of the program we more deliberately studied village life by spending 10 days in Gatlang to help with chores and rebuilding efforts from the 2015 earthquake that rocked all the villages in this area.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/KckR9iXsAP8/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KckR9iXsAP8?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
Nepalis still rely on wild plants to a great extent for medicine, fodder, fiber, and to a more limited extent, food. Mushrooms, berries, and wild greens form the most important groups of wild foods. The very same species of Stinging Nettle (<i>Urtica diocia</i>) found here in the Pacific Northwest is also abundant and widely eaten in Nepal.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiv-L33mPuwndtXe0JsEJ0OKxcuJMymu-9gP2nsqrNjE-P_OBfXApflQrgK3xul_MKZLcZ3iInx3wHRwNa1vyCIEjw6NcSQoTJ2MGfOsTz3gLrSpViSjwnLiphzQTjfMY8jdOipMLfWks/s1600/P1000406+Biocultural+Diversity+Class+Group+Photo+Laurebina+good+cr+sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="864" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiv-L33mPuwndtXe0JsEJ0OKxcuJMymu-9gP2nsqrNjE-P_OBfXApflQrgK3xul_MKZLcZ3iInx3wHRwNa1vyCIEjw6NcSQoTJ2MGfOsTz3gLrSpViSjwnLiphzQTjfMY8jdOipMLfWks/s320/P1000406+Biocultural+Diversity+Class+Group+Photo+Laurebina+good+cr+sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-64898758060747850252016-09-01T23:00:00.002-07:002016-09-02T16:35:15.320-07:00The elusive and excellent Dwarf Bilberry<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGF8h75T-7iKJrXAONtjkktnhB_SEUCr5zOWHy7ui-U_weBUIoibxGXKTAIAIOgkaOaHZOGE2taLhyphenhyphennAvpXBUDh_3wSUcYv1-_k_Bd7NwPKgxMg1-XK_1Qv53bb3MwlIa-FZOaDdTR5s/s1600/IMG_1026+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Bilberry+fruit+Mt+Juneau+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGF8h75T-7iKJrXAONtjkktnhB_SEUCr5zOWHy7ui-U_weBUIoibxGXKTAIAIOgkaOaHZOGE2taLhyphenhyphennAvpXBUDh_3wSUcYv1-_k_Bd7NwPKgxMg1-XK_1Qv53bb3MwlIa-FZOaDdTR5s/s200/IMG_1026+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Bilberry+fruit+Mt+Juneau+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dwarf Bilberry</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Pacific Northwest has a whopping 14 species of <i>Vaccinium</i>, the genus
containing huckleberries, blueberries, bilberries and cranberries. With such dazzling
diversity, it has taken considerable study and many a happy mission for me to track
them down, but this year I’ve finally seen them all and tasted all but one.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I spent the last week in August with my brother in Juneau
and took full advantage of the foray to forage on the Last Frontier. Our
journeys took us climbing to the top of Mt. Juneau, braving the bowels of the Mendenhall
Glacier, trudging across the muskegs of Douglas Island, and scampering along Gold Creek.
Basically as far as bus fare and our feet could take us.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-MRCm4medvWtuTfgyvJu7SfK5CwFfPhYnVHXoKKd2fATHLqKmrOBydAvBECO2o5szb00mCO4JX71_Flm2dtXK4agV6U8vi0QJsQ4SkpKSAAppMOsZQMuy8Iyqi8oaABo6bPpaZHbvFXc/s1600/IMG_1285+Vaccinium+uliginosum+caespitosum+vitis-idaea+oxycoccus+ovalifolium+alaskense+berry+comparison+lineup+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-MRCm4medvWtuTfgyvJu7SfK5CwFfPhYnVHXoKKd2fATHLqKmrOBydAvBECO2o5szb00mCO4JX71_Flm2dtXK4agV6U8vi0QJsQ4SkpKSAAppMOsZQMuy8Iyqi8oaABo6bPpaZHbvFXc/s400/IMG_1285+Vaccinium+uliginosum+caespitosum+vitis-idaea+oxycoccus+ovalifolium+alaskense+berry+comparison+lineup+cr.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We found six of Alaska's seven <i>Vaccinium</i> species in one bog!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnZFGG3c-mU-2unW_-j4sC9nTEAGoAL42CEbdJFdrsfr0fVvW_r0qNVhiAJAHiUfmzlghltxiMyIxBJ0fcxhjXJA6Nl_BVgaXvKGig_xD8FEjFFgjcQ0FYHG5jA6f2dTfyRupvsFW1-4/s1600/IMG_1267+Vaccinium+vitis-ideae+Lingonberry+fruit+Douglas+Island+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnZFGG3c-mU-2unW_-j4sC9nTEAGoAL42CEbdJFdrsfr0fVvW_r0qNVhiAJAHiUfmzlghltxiMyIxBJ0fcxhjXJA6Nl_BVgaXvKGig_xD8FEjFFgjcQ0FYHG5jA6f2dTfyRupvsFW1-4/s200/IMG_1267+Vaccinium+vitis-ideae+Lingonberry+fruit+Douglas+Island+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lingonberry</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy84DywDX11H_F1DguCaLiT9HlPr5bTgwMZgDvAxW2J5rugQzThEsF1WxS3XI8WX-yitcFR5wrs3JA5DW5BYq-jgWZkcZNUMwxXFXIKP_ViDm0YAQmzA6HLVeHvjkKsYQXbdzzNkblT1g/s1600/IMG_1124+Rubus+articus+Nagoonberry+Mendenhal+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy84DywDX11H_F1DguCaLiT9HlPr5bTgwMZgDvAxW2J5rugQzThEsF1WxS3XI8WX-yitcFR5wrs3JA5DW5BYq-jgWZkcZNUMwxXFXIKP_ViDm0YAQmzA6HLVeHvjkKsYQXbdzzNkblT1g/s200/IMG_1124+Rubus+articus+Nagoonberry+Mendenhal+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nagoonberry</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This northerly corner of our bioregion graced me with
discoveries of a precious and palatable sort. I had my first taste of Lingonberries
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaccinium vitis-idaea</i>), caught the
last of the ripe Nagoonberries (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rubus arcticus</i>),
a fruit that is thought by many Europeans to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i> superlative fruit, and most exciting to me, I had my first good
taste of Dwarf Bilberry (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">V. caespitosum</i>).</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgicCcTQisq1cYVz_qvuzZyffUcdv2yXi0RREBgWQ43Qa9bbKAbW0SXT818o_YXINvt8HorLU-EyL0GTvI7VLeei0sm2sfIGnrWm7E9uwmOwls9EIehYSr0GcP9MMTyOnyLZ4YreUyROAA/s1600/P1240091+Vaccinium+caespitosum++Dwarf+Huckleberry+flower+Twin+Sisters.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgicCcTQisq1cYVz_qvuzZyffUcdv2yXi0RREBgWQ43Qa9bbKAbW0SXT818o_YXINvt8HorLU-EyL0GTvI7VLeei0sm2sfIGnrWm7E9uwmOwls9EIehYSr0GcP9MMTyOnyLZ4YreUyROAA/s320/P1240091+Vaccinium+caespitosum++Dwarf+Huckleberry+flower+Twin+Sisters.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY1Tgdf-iBmVcFnwCZFR98LRcSlB4AaJKfNlVpsxViXw1i_REcnTNCLgvjPUhMfFBGBhJCF6dOgh74IiYiOXoRmBVZCXE_-Ab54cLz3iMK4KTQEyaNbMitT8SWFAfUYCc6q1sowfskXRA/s1600/IMG_1278+Vaccinium+caespitosum+Dwarf+Bilberry+leaf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY1Tgdf-iBmVcFnwCZFR98LRcSlB4AaJKfNlVpsxViXw1i_REcnTNCLgvjPUhMfFBGBhJCF6dOgh74IiYiOXoRmBVZCXE_-Ab54cLz3iMK4KTQEyaNbMitT8SWFAfUYCc6q1sowfskXRA/s200/IMG_1278+Vaccinium+caespitosum+Dwarf+Bilberry+leaf.jpg" width="152" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaO8eyBjobfwthqnjHBXDOC8tEPM9lKRZOZisMsmVSWr7L96jadyA-mXlr9bg0hq7zb0sQ4Hb11ARN6D9sGP89u85vWou_jPPFNA78haZijNtj45joSSSZZ-oZDMvqbCojlovkw8g2doE/s1600/P1240081+Vaccinium+caespitosum+flower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaO8eyBjobfwthqnjHBXDOC8tEPM9lKRZOZisMsmVSWr7L96jadyA-mXlr9bg0hq7zb0sQ4Hb11ARN6D9sGP89u85vWou_jPPFNA78haZijNtj45joSSSZZ-oZDMvqbCojlovkw8g2doE/s200/P1240081+Vaccinium+caespitosum+flower.jpg" width="136" /></a>Dwarf Bilberry (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaccinium
caespitosum</i>) is a lowmat forming shrub that is usually less than 1.5’
(50cm) tall with upright to prostrate stems. Young twigs are generally round in
cross section and covered with a dense layer of microscopic fuzz. The bark ranges
from green, brownish green or yellowish green to peach, pink, or red on young
twigs, but browns and become flaky with age. Leaves are dark green on the upper
surface and lighter on the underside with prominent reticulate venation. At
about 1” (1-3cm) long, the leaves have an elliptical to obovate shape and
margins that are finely and sharply serrated, with hairs at the tip of
each serration. The small flowers are borne singly near the branches and are
longer than wide, range in color from white to pink, and each one often has an
exerted pistil. Berries grow on short curved stalks and mature from green to
yellow to orangish red to purple before finally ripening to dark blue with a
whitish blue bloom. The tip of each berry has a skirt-like circular scar where
the corolla attached to the calyx. The berries range in size from 5/16-7/16”
(8-11mm).<br />
<br /></div>
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</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYjXZ2M01MQup5FkULm3iPAlvyaWFGOBe9gPhDbdyrDuFmtmszXyp6BlPDuRJThDIje47zcgxu2iILR5S85mxezxCleFNaLfFzF6bI3uVK2QwbWMGR2Ev7dVoUr2CVSAGgpskvcM1Iw-c/s1600/IMG_0800+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Bilberry+Blueberry+Heart+Lake.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYjXZ2M01MQup5FkULm3iPAlvyaWFGOBe9gPhDbdyrDuFmtmszXyp6BlPDuRJThDIje47zcgxu2iILR5S85mxezxCleFNaLfFzF6bI3uVK2QwbWMGR2Ev7dVoUr2CVSAGgpskvcM1Iw-c/s320/IMG_0800+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Bilberry+Blueberry+Heart+Lake.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7UdneaPF1M-idCFjfq_K1y4Ypgas5iszbVrxei9tzhFds-JcmiZkt_GJaAaSE20h_fEOGbGaIuXi-oKY_2IpvtUfxAl8EMyaO0jOyVd2Oeitx8B-lWrrcyeu426VUGQkde7t18dI7s9k/s1600/IMG_0815+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Blueberry+fruit+lineup+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7UdneaPF1M-idCFjfq_K1y4Ypgas5iszbVrxei9tzhFds-JcmiZkt_GJaAaSE20h_fEOGbGaIuXi-oKY_2IpvtUfxAl8EMyaO0jOyVd2Oeitx8B-lWrrcyeu426VUGQkde7t18dI7s9k/s320/IMG_0815+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Blueberry+fruit+lineup+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A line-up of ripening Dwarf Bilberries</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtRuvY-tM-7IPy6Rud0GBZJ9Jq1fGeEitJpODcYTnzVIeF3JGQNcYU_WPVVyLRNcM8J8MKwZXdxnaU_ehp9h4HN1lul3Q8mLSPMC6FHpyjpvc1dkKpW4tv4Bgx_DCoYm-JYcXzvl8K5hM/s1600/Vaccinium+caespitosu+Dwarf+Bilberry+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtRuvY-tM-7IPy6Rud0GBZJ9Jq1fGeEitJpODcYTnzVIeF3JGQNcYU_WPVVyLRNcM8J8MKwZXdxnaU_ehp9h4HN1lul3Q8mLSPMC6FHpyjpvc1dkKpW4tv4Bgx_DCoYm-JYcXzvl8K5hM/s200/Vaccinium+caespitosu+Dwarf+Bilberry+distribution+map+PNW.jpg" width="98" /></a>Dwarf Bilberries have an extensive yet patchy range
throughout western North America from Anchorage to San Francisco along the
Pacific Coast and inland to the Rockies in British Columbia, Montana and Idaho,
and the Sierra Nevada in California. They inhabit bogs, muskeg, and
arctic/alpine meadows with other ericaceous shrubs such as Lingonberry (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">V. vitis-idaea</i>), Bog Bilberry (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">V. uliginosum</i>), Cascade Bilberry (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">V. deliciosum</i>), and various heather
species. Near my house in Northwest Washington, they can be found in the rugged
Twin Sister’s Range and the remote Pasayten wilderness. I can honestly say
that I’ve never found a Dwarf Bilberry in a boring place. It is almost as if a
couple miles of bush-whacking is required to earn the right to find them.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsNr-7FgWgOxCudqtPPFcxfkkyBMdqTpMNQJHjURXV5990LQB29r-Aa1-9Vp_LbPttyYtw-hpRM2mIvnvBVy95om28Usujo6S0eP4THs5JD36-iGuJA0tlFsAEulyUICWXA819nfc8thw/s1600/IMG_1020+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Bilberry+fruit+Mt+Juneau.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsNr-7FgWgOxCudqtPPFcxfkkyBMdqTpMNQJHjURXV5990LQB29r-Aa1-9Vp_LbPttyYtw-hpRM2mIvnvBVy95om28Usujo6S0eP4THs5JD36-iGuJA0tlFsAEulyUICWXA819nfc8thw/s320/IMG_1020+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Bilberry+fruit+Mt+Juneau.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3y2uAskw35SBSBkq_QeaWqZW2KQ-a2_XY-bMdsQm1NEWced1QelJWcdwWJzQ-oZ9FVEJU0QC1tKPrwnS5v7t65aYKD1kd9B5vcdC_DEtTrtcGmQZjhyphenhyphena8IRTHqCpDloON4Ks2sPj4P7U/s1600/IMG_1016+Christian+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Billberry+fruit+Mt.+Juneau.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3y2uAskw35SBSBkq_QeaWqZW2KQ-a2_XY-bMdsQm1NEWced1QelJWcdwWJzQ-oZ9FVEJU0QC1tKPrwnS5v7t65aYKD1kd9B5vcdC_DEtTrtcGmQZjhyphenhyphena8IRTHqCpDloON4Ks2sPj4P7U/s320/IMG_1016+Christian+Vaccinium+cespitosum+Dwarf+Billberry+fruit+Mt.+Juneau.JPG" width="320" /></a>Capable of fruiting prodigiously, Dwarf Bilberries can be collected quickly by hand or rake by anyone willing to stoop for
these hobbit sized bushes. They have juicy dark flesh, thin skin, and a sweet
and sour flavor that is almost as good as its close cousin the Cascade Bilberry
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">V. deliciosum</i>). When picking
bilberries, I prefer to kneel on the ground and pick into wide mouth containers
placed below the bush. I empty this vessel frequently into a lidded bucket to minimize losses should I slip or accidentally bump it over.
Bilberry picking is messy business and I usually return with purple hands,
knees, and tongue--Bilberry badges of courage.</div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Christian and I were ill-prepared for our Bilberry bonanza;
with nowhere to store the bountiful harvest we were forced to eat them all.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-15366881505199573052016-07-12T22:34:00.000-07:002016-07-12T22:34:05.612-07:00Blackcap<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6PAmlWoja8kSidiVT4TLE1cvagXnupBVebX253mlB3rmjfvRhbfvw2VKhR3nGNS8OjjkipZV1000SqQRPYh8y61aHKJd7P2j4Zh0qwFK12nnUQCOjRkIwpTypJWc9NGJ0l614cUu6FL8/s1600/IMG_0677+Rubus+leucodermis+Blackcap+fruit+circle+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6PAmlWoja8kSidiVT4TLE1cvagXnupBVebX253mlB3rmjfvRhbfvw2VKhR3nGNS8OjjkipZV1000SqQRPYh8y61aHKJd7P2j4Zh0qwFK12nnUQCOjRkIwpTypJWc9NGJ0l614cUu6FL8/s320/IMG_0677+Rubus+leucodermis+Blackcap+fruit+circle+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blackcap
Raspberries (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rubus leucodermis</i>) are
as beautiful as they are delicious. Yesterday while picking, these ripening fruit inspired a photo shoot. Look for Blackcaps in clear-cuts and sunny forest edges. They normally ripen throughout July, but it has been an early year, so get them before the dry up!</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6sW_chcTu-8FghS_R_WiJVyGgVWUh43ArDM7d9uI5G8AGX-dH34bnVxHlsQmkAp9HVbzaOv5_MuNrDGU0UzTLGxb39hLS6EfLAzRZ9PdqByjcNT-oIzj1Z5HHpyrNuqVind3A4NmzxfU/s1600/IMG_0681+Rubus+leucodermis+Blackcap+fruit+lineup+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6sW_chcTu-8FghS_R_WiJVyGgVWUh43ArDM7d9uI5G8AGX-dH34bnVxHlsQmkAp9HVbzaOv5_MuNrDGU0UzTLGxb39hLS6EfLAzRZ9PdqByjcNT-oIzj1Z5HHpyrNuqVind3A4NmzxfU/s320/IMG_0681+Rubus+leucodermis+Blackcap+fruit+lineup+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGMztecTt1_g5e_y5ZnwDtseSu39WPn4njTo2Qfv5Tv6EaRR8a8BLrKlRZh-nKgLYm6rgNKlghe019bipcyS1VdvGfBygKujTq682zEDd0cLYn1_YWN1DLv0ugTpDNouZ3N12VG-p9VAA/s1600/IMG_0672+Rubus+leucodermis+Blackcap+fruit+lineup+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGMztecTt1_g5e_y5ZnwDtseSu39WPn4njTo2Qfv5Tv6EaRR8a8BLrKlRZh-nKgLYm6rgNKlghe019bipcyS1VdvGfBygKujTq682zEDd0cLYn1_YWN1DLv0ugTpDNouZ3N12VG-p9VAA/s320/IMG_0672+Rubus+leucodermis+Blackcap+fruit+lineup+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-10071895466710676262016-07-04T18:13:00.000-07:002016-07-05T22:40:59.004-07:00Another tasty thistle<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3v47dc2p0ZOrGQsv0YC1SDq3x9FmoTKuCpUNJjd7JrbtfcSUZ2YaQWhvnTdp17aAjA1Z22J43FOG9ghFLiDGaSBdjdzopCvBLtKYIyp8cdIq3uc_cVnmQt4urYf-WUh_1J-CKDH8eOgA/s1600/P1020829+Cirsium+vulgare+stalk+Royal+Roads.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3v47dc2p0ZOrGQsv0YC1SDq3x9FmoTKuCpUNJjd7JrbtfcSUZ2YaQWhvnTdp17aAjA1Z22J43FOG9ghFLiDGaSBdjdzopCvBLtKYIyp8cdIq3uc_cVnmQt4urYf-WUh_1J-CKDH8eOgA/s320/P1020829+Cirsium+vulgare+stalk+Royal+Roads.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">While the native Edible Thistle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cirsium edul<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">e</span></i>) may be my favorite (see
previous post), the introduced Bull Thistle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cirsium vulgare</i>) is pretty darn good too.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz5kbRJ57EtcD3Apy-1FIc4f47FS7-d9EML2n8CjX1OLxd2k1x5fSLvoWyupK8VX5Hv_4gZAqUjaNROp2Lpms-H9KfCO1Ykqa1jXnDSSlbB4Pdq5ggqzwRjDlAcK5Fa1ZddKsEsqUngNo/s1600/P1100529+Cirsium+vulgare+edule+CF+Pendleton.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz5kbRJ57EtcD3Apy-1FIc4f47FS7-d9EML2n8CjX1OLxd2k1x5fSLvoWyupK8VX5Hv_4gZAqUjaNROp2Lpms-H9KfCO1Ykqa1jXnDSSlbB4Pdq5ggqzwRjDlAcK5Fa1ZddKsEsqUngNo/s200/P1100529+Cirsium+vulgare+edule+CF+Pendleton.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimdh9kyK6h-dOsqKxD6-zIluE0aqxRQ1DE5rQvDZk0q6KxsGVDrfMuY8V5M2-RmVgyBXpOVxpcjG5WqTET6ouuRwM39jH96zV6T4t1OMvWq6HZC-h280iYAmpZrZ80fYXr_5z9pCGKsjc/s1600/P1190333+Cirsium+vulgare+Bull+Thistle+Cypress+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimdh9kyK6h-dOsqKxD6-zIluE0aqxRQ1DE5rQvDZk0q6KxsGVDrfMuY8V5M2-RmVgyBXpOVxpcjG5WqTET6ouuRwM39jH96zV6T4t1OMvWq6HZC-h280iYAmpZrZ80fYXr_5z9pCGKsjc/s200/P1190333+Cirsium+vulgare+Bull+Thistle+Cypress+Island.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Bull Thistle is a well armored tap
rooted biennial with a crowded rosette of basal leaves. Leaves are deeply lobed
with long sharp spines at the tip of each lobe, and several smaller spines
along the margins. Many of t<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">he lower lobes are further divided into 2-3 points<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> that </span></span>twist sideways so that one angles downward, one outward, and one upward. Even when the leaves are lying
flat on the ground, those upward reaching spines are the bane of barefoot
walkers. Upper leaf surfaces are dark green with a whitish green central vein,
and the undersides are light green. Plants are covered throughout with long
stiff hairs. Flowering shoots begin to emerge mid-spring of the plant’s second
year and reach full height 6 weeks later. Shoots usually arise singly from the
tap root but if the plants are mowed multiple stems will develop. Stems are
hairy and covered with spiny, leaf-like vertical ridges that make them difficult
to grab bare-handed. Branches are usually limited to the upper half and arise
from the leaf axils. Flower heads are found singly at the branch tips. The
heads are large, hairy, and exceedingly spiny with a squat pear shape. Hundreds
of purple flowers bloom from the tip of each head.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Xc7bwPbvX7-AX0F-zck9WZ4ogkkDIFq1su4H2Y7jpuBdPVjXWoky4iNKVFRTLF1Na1Fk_5Fttjv6jgCAGm2SH0f6vQnlIvLLzfcenDRtjWtHVRkfYQz79eUyvXgst3frWY1vORG0nXI/s1600/P1230155+Cirsium+vulgare+Bull+Thistle+Royal+Roads.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_Xc7bwPbvX7-AX0F-zck9WZ4ogkkDIFq1su4H2Y7jpuBdPVjXWoky4iNKVFRTLF1Na1Fk_5Fttjv6jgCAGm2SH0f6vQnlIvLLzfcenDRtjWtHVRkfYQz79eUyvXgst3frWY1vORG0nXI/s320/P1230155+Cirsium+vulgare+Bull+Thistle+Royal+Roads.JPG" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perfect stage for collecting</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Lr8G2rv26J4VyoW-sAxV-6QHz1bl2VysEmqA2qVzrFGiiGAesui_f7uH-DxhaTOv-NcrLcpyxKQTmwzotqBiqAfeDIlrS1ftZ7rTqf3TDDCpj7iSMUh4sLAEBreQcZNZh6N_SevbumI/s1600/IMG_1869+Cirsium+vulgare+Bull+Thistle+Baker+Lake+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Lr8G2rv26J4VyoW-sAxV-6QHz1bl2VysEmqA2qVzrFGiiGAesui_f7uH-DxhaTOv-NcrLcpyxKQTmwzotqBiqAfeDIlrS1ftZ7rTqf3TDDCpj7iSMUh4sLAEBreQcZNZh6N_SevbumI/s320/IMG_1869+Cirsium+vulgare+Bull+Thistle+Baker+Lake+cr.jpg" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bull Thistle in flower</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHgKXgkl_w2t5CwmaKhTYICzh0sarSzfuMlv5fw-EoS5VDzLWYb_f-UGZEY697JBE9rNSuVngteRsOTQhV8YU7zbFIl8Rmo0UYOPgVteCruKL4L2cTkJ5tEF-XwoKXucwB_-f5tG3hyphenhyphenDY/s1600/IMG_1032+Cirsium+arvense+Canada+Thistle+flower+Bellingham.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHgKXgkl_w2t5CwmaKhTYICzh0sarSzfuMlv5fw-EoS5VDzLWYb_f-UGZEY697JBE9rNSuVngteRsOTQhV8YU7zbFIl8Rmo0UYOPgVteCruKL4L2cTkJ5tEF-XwoKXucwB_-f5tG3hyphenhyphenDY/s320/IMG_1032+Cirsium+arvense+Canada+Thistle+flower+Bellingham.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Canada Thistle (<i>Cirsium arvense</i>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Don’t confuse this plant with
Canada Thistle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cirsium arvense</i>),
which has leaves that are not as deeply lobed, stems that are smooth (lacking
vertical and spiny stem-wings), and smaller, more clustered flower heads.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Bull Thistles are common in old
fields and disturbed roadsides from sea level to the sub alpine.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsCO9JJpoZWu0lDYfy_UK1wsTzsZoUOu0x5RLGw0UYfFAhXhKovNpvBYPiqCe9bhjCHmOP_lHii0Q5OouqbQJI8XkFIFnBBNkM76QZRfsS1bcUXo77pJJhuHBQ7PRJPuEpxIOiZqvHz40/s1600/P1020834+Cirsium+vulgare+stalk+Royal+Roads.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsCO9JJpoZWu0lDYfy_UK1wsTzsZoUOu0x5RLGw0UYfFAhXhKovNpvBYPiqCe9bhjCHmOP_lHii0Q5OouqbQJI8XkFIFnBBNkM76QZRfsS1bcUXo77pJJhuHBQ7PRJPuEpxIOiZqvHz40/s320/P1020834+Cirsium+vulgare+stalk+Royal+Roads.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Hiding behind all that armor is a
tasty vegetable. The shoots of Bull Thistle are best harvested mid-spring
before they have reached full height or show any sign of the flower heads. Wear
gloves or be prepared for a painful experience! I slice the stalk near the base
with a pocket knife and then peel them from the base to the tip, revealing the
tender and tasty stem. They are firm, filling, and delicious with only a mild bitterness.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIiqADJWv5MqPoHjiJoRFWAXF0i7M1QcyFTx36NFjUtt_KcxPzj4aUIQDKklZDcYpeMKqtqU4IV9iE2FXtbub7j6BoSCtE6RO2gr2OrRRyS8PU1uyMCZNUnZAQ9OdLSQbGudW3ARavJFQ/s1600/IMG_1442+Bombus+vosnesenskii+Cirsium+vulgare+Cape+Alava+ONP+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIiqADJWv5MqPoHjiJoRFWAXF0i7M1QcyFTx36NFjUtt_KcxPzj4aUIQDKklZDcYpeMKqtqU4IV9iE2FXtbub7j6BoSCtE6RO2gr2OrRRyS8PU1uyMCZNUnZAQ9OdLSQbGudW3ARavJFQ/s320/IMG_1442+Bombus+vosnesenskii+Cirsium+vulgare+Cape+Alava+ONP+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bombus vosnesenskii pollinating Bull Thistle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-86753761936418872532016-07-03T12:24:00.000-07:002016-07-03T20:20:19.395-07:00Edible Thistle unprickled<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><br />
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Name="annotation text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-KSl8411nA5MXcxDCv_8kq924nFS7WbGQ9x_92vId89zK6DBlWBREAR9HjO7nEnlPXQYQ1dvReEn_X1fbtZheHK6ozKFeNZ9ZqfisDt7gw6sHIoEyoEM-HmpDHpvgBjA6CnMa2Uy1ZIU/s1600/P1110418+Cirsium+edule+fl+Heliotrope+Ridge.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-KSl8411nA5MXcxDCv_8kq924nFS7WbGQ9x_92vId89zK6DBlWBREAR9HjO7nEnlPXQYQ1dvReEn_X1fbtZheHK6ozKFeNZ9ZqfisDt7gw6sHIoEyoEM-HmpDHpvgBjA6CnMa2Uy1ZIU/s320/P1110418+Cirsium+edule+fl+Heliotrope+Ridge.JPG" width="213" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">I first <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">ate</span> Edible Thistle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cirsium edule</i>) a few <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">days</span> after my 15<sup>th</sup> birthday while hiking with my Boy Scout Troop. Each year we spent a week on a “high adventure,” and this particular year we were hiking through the Glacier Peak Wilderness up the Suiattle River, over Cloudy Pass, to Holden Village near Lake Chelan. Already a plant nut, I was packing a few plant field guides with me and was having a blast seeing many montane species for the first time. The other Scouts were probably annoyed when I held up the group to drop my pack and pull out some library books so that I could identify the magical looking Candystick. Or again, when I stopped in a sunny meadow to dig up the roots of Edible Thistle for my first taste. Ill prepared, I clawed at the dry rocky soil with a fallen limb until I exposed enough of the taproot to get my hands around it and pull it out. I peeled both the shoot and the root and conciliatorily offered samples to my waiting friends. On account of the fibrous stem and woody root, we all quickly spit them out.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Two decades and several other thistle species later, I have finally returned to this plant and have a very different story to tell. This plant is actually delicious and could even be called Incredible Thistle! In my book, it is the best in its class.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8OkDh3I-muWBGNMMI0beS0ccjDvWVrWvWkXyaLo4qmBoLDOXjPIY4A2ilKLiW0Fk8NJlgTqkzQA2_Hktdwjm2FP9g-1OHnMkDKXe7KIpGVl3Ne3NnkSFJu6eS8pY_jxzClofVlPSpBxo/s1600/IMG_0118+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Hannegan+Pass.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8OkDh3I-muWBGNMMI0beS0ccjDvWVrWvWkXyaLo4qmBoLDOXjPIY4A2ilKLiW0Fk8NJlgTqkzQA2_Hktdwjm2FP9g-1OHnMkDKXe7KIpGVl3Ne3NnkSFJu6eS8pY_jxzClofVlPSpBxo/s320/IMG_0118+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Hannegan+Pass.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjEDrfJQ8RmEo9zLwfBKGGNEuayVMzbgeV6WT83K0YVLA751ROIx53opacSMHvFHshDw1YlRUd-KIk1FOq5DYTh159qv6bZq2Dxzz3C-uo-H5XjjTxAvqirvFdg6exVvMmud38igi_iSs/s1600/IMG_0594+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Sauk+Mt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjEDrfJQ8RmEo9zLwfBKGGNEuayVMzbgeV6WT83K0YVLA751ROIx53opacSMHvFHshDw1YlRUd-KIk1FOq5DYTh159qv6bZq2Dxzz3C-uo-H5XjjTxAvqirvFdg6exVvMmud38igi_iSs/s320/IMG_0594+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Sauk+Mt.JPG" width="212" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Edible Thistle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cirsium edule</i>) is a tap rooted biennial that sometimes persists for more than two years before floweri</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">ng and dying. First year leaves form a basal rosette. All leaves have soft hairs on both surfaces and planar to undulating margins with 5-10 pairs of well-spaced, spine-tipped lobes.The whitish central vein tapers towards the leaf tip. The flowering stem is hairy, but lacks spines, and ranges from 0.5-1.25” (1-3cm) wide and 2-4’ (60-120cm) tall; it may or may not be branched. Stem leaves are similar to the basal leaves and they join the stem at a 45-60° angle, arising alternately up the stock g</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">etting smaller towards the top. A clump of flower 1-several flower heads is evident at the top of the shoot early in the summer. As the shoot grows, the lateral flower heads space out and grow pedicels (stalks) from the leaf axils while the terminal flower heads remained clustered. Heads are ½-1.5” (1.5-3.5cm) wide and slightly longer than wide. They are covered with white wooly hairs and long spines. Generally, the flowers open in the mid-late summer and are bright purple or occasionally pink or white.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7NEFaTm-CJKvM8Qz1riJsfaqp1rb38pL1qBMCFEEqA8CnK4JLa9mw_hwN_vX2F7mWOSdg6owOxb7IueRPs992XmCd2UbAB0nww2nxKelBuLuWrM6KA3bmjIyqVfmU-1MdPmdL0MaFiEQ/s1600/IMG_2899+Bombus+flavifrons+sylvicola+cf+Cirsium+edule+Goat+Mt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7NEFaTm-CJKvM8Qz1riJsfaqp1rb38pL1qBMCFEEqA8CnK4JLa9mw_hwN_vX2F7mWOSdg6owOxb7IueRPs992XmCd2UbAB0nww2nxKelBuLuWrM6KA3bmjIyqVfmU-1MdPmdL0MaFiEQ/s200/IMG_2899+Bombus+flavifrons+sylvicola+cf+Cirsium+edule+Goat+Mt.JPG" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAqCVIIUt0bt3e4dyBYk88zajVym96QkLkxDPiPkr0n7aGFy-IoE-qOxJIfDTF7S9NQ2-Ig-uoJ5bR2SIxk1lSEL-hUh0n7Jl53WdS547RzWKTrz6iXYi9h9A1W2BNZU__DGAsVOpKFFc/s1600/IMG_0595+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Sauk+Mt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAqCVIIUt0bt3e4dyBYk88zajVym96QkLkxDPiPkr0n7aGFy-IoE-qOxJIfDTF7S9NQ2-Ig-uoJ5bR2SIxk1lSEL-hUh0n7Jl53WdS547RzWKTrz6iXYi9h9A1W2BNZU__DGAsVOpKFFc/s200/IMG_0595+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Sauk+Mt.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdwXLd7XC6hO-Wieqzlw1ZHNcYWQXuL03i03FcDa3_dFmZVS_xal4oMKurDupkgkpO8ZJdAelaD7q3OLEG8VZERaA8rTWi68XO73esnXgzKPC7xXKOblPDmDqPgwCHfgMIQDfrf1PUR8U/s1600/Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+distribution+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdwXLd7XC6hO-Wieqzlw1ZHNcYWQXuL03i03FcDa3_dFmZVS_xal4oMKurDupkgkpO8ZJdAelaD7q3OLEG8VZERaA8rTWi68XO73esnXgzKPC7xXKOblPDmDqPgwCHfgMIQDfrf1PUR8U/s200/Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+distribution+map.jpg" width="98" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">In the northern half of its range, Edible Thistle is found in subalpine and alpine meadows. I usually see them on steep south facing slopes <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">on scree, with grass<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">, or with herbaceous plants<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">, but not <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">normally </span>with </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">heather</span></span></span>. In the southern half of its range, the plant is also found at lower elevations near the coast.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal;">The Nlaka</span></i><span class="st"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">'</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal;">pamux</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal;">(Thompson)</span></i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ate the large white taproots of first year plants in the fall. Like Camas, Balsamroot, (and Jerusalem Artichokes) the roots contain high concentrations of in an indigestible carbohydrate called inulin. When properly cooked, this inulin caramelizes and turns black as it breaks down into sweet tasting fructose. Some inulin must remain in even the cooked roots, because <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-style: normal;">Nlaka</span></i><span class="st"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-style: normal;">pamux</span></i> consultants report that the plants often give you gas, and their name for the plant is derived from the word “flatulate” (Turner et al. 1990). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Lewis and C<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">lark <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">learned how the</span> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Native Americans near Fort Clatsop</span> harvested and prepared thistle roots when they overwintered on the Pacific Coast in 1805-1<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">806</span>. They wrote. "When <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">first taken from the earth it is white, and nearly as crisp as a carrot; i<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">n this state it <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">is sometimes eaten without any pr<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">eparation. But after it is prepared b<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">y the same process used for the pashshequo<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> </span>quamash <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">[</span>C<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">amas<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> <i>Camassia quamash</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">], which is the most usual and the best method, it becomes black and much <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">improved</span> in flavor. Its taste is exactly that of sugar, and it is indeed the sweetest vegetable employed by the Indians. A<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">fter being baked in the <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">kiln</span> it is eaten either simply or with train-oil; sometime it is pounded <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">fine and <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">mixed</span> with cold water, until it is reduced to the consi<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">stence of sagamity [hominy], or Indian <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">mush, <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">which</span> last method is the mo<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">st agreeable to our palat<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">es (Coues 1893)."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The shoots are also traditionally pealed and eaten by the Quileute and Hoh (Reagan 1934)<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">.</span> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip79dpQTAxM5eC5mWg4sMqoHAoQrIlghcSrRfwNRwpEvAbJNgSpwvcNTOZ1V3WTrOJdsF4g-69nvOAqIYiFKlGEo7pKhhwSJRq_t_CDeUq55reDPCCiybxO-JuMBvuw7EEe-KbbrsfpW0/s1600/IMG_0604+Jenna+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Sauk+Mt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip79dpQTAxM5eC5mWg4sMqoHAoQrIlghcSrRfwNRwpEvAbJNgSpwvcNTOZ1V3WTrOJdsF4g-69nvOAqIYiFKlGEo7pKhhwSJRq_t_CDeUq55reDPCCiybxO-JuMBvuw7EEe-KbbrsfpW0/s320/IMG_0604+Jenna+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Sauk+Mt.JPG" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jenna enjoying a peeled Edible Thistle stalk</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisA7mPo3X0sFGLvicni9fFUgOUMZQbcesB2lExBn-qG21iS8aIvynUQId9YDAiVr4DaQ0mgkPor9lmyRvva1otMMDc8rl-adUzG55h7m5EbaVj-oBXzVcVQWAsvuLHAFwXZ98zrrqJDTY/s1600/IMG_0600+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Sauk+Mt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisA7mPo3X0sFGLvicni9fFUgOUMZQbcesB2lExBn-qG21iS8aIvynUQId9YDAiVr4DaQ0mgkPor9lmyRvva1otMMDc8rl-adUzG55h7m5EbaVj-oBXzVcVQWAsvuLHAFwXZ98zrrqJDTY/s200/IMG_0600+Cirsium+edule+Edible+Thistle+Sauk+Mt.JPG" width="133" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">To eat, the <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">stems</span> of Edible Thistle should be harvested in the late spring and early summer before the flower heads break open and reveal the flowers. Once the flowers start to open, the thistle stalks become too fibrous to eat. If you have tender hands, you may want to wear gloves, but I find the spines to be weaker and easier to avoid than those of Bull Thistle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">C. vulgare</i>) and pick bare handed without too much pain. Use a sharp knife to cut the stem near the base and peel off the skin from the base towards the tip. The spiny leaves should come off with the skins, but it is easy to miss small strips of the hairy skin. These can be scraped off with the edge of a knife. I enjoy leaving the wooly flower heads on the top of the shoot; like prawn tails, they are a fun reminder of what you are eating. Thistles stalks are so good fresh that I can’t imagine eating them any other way. Similar to celery, they are juicy and stringy, but I find the fibers finer, the flesh firmer, and the flavor sweeter. Unlike celery, I find thistle shoots filling. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">My experience with the roots are still too limited to meaningfully report, so stay tuned.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">References:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">C<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">oues, Elliott 1893. History of t<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">he Expedition under the Comma<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">nd of Lewis and C<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">lark<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">..., a New Edition,..<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">.. Fran<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">cis <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Harper, New York<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> NY.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pnwherbaria.org/data/results.php?DisplayAs=WebPage&ExcludeCultivated=Y&GroupBy=ungrouped&SortBy=Year&SortOrder=DESC&SearchAllHerbaria=Y&QueryCount=1&IncludeSynonyms1=Y&Genus1=Cirsium&Species1=edule&Zoom=4&Lat=55&Lng=-135&PolygonCount=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science </span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Turner<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990,
Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson
Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-18632152665746874952016-06-20T23:58:00.000-07:002016-06-22T20:41:36.140-07:00Eating Angelica<br />
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<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">In the Pacific Northwest, we have several ethnobotanically significant angelica species. Many are so aromatic that I have never thought of them as food, but this weekend while hiking in the Wenatchee Mountains in Central Washington, I encountered Sharptooth Angelica (<i>Angelica arguta</i>) that was in the perfect stage for eating and I was without my lunch, so I gave it a try. This post is an introduction to the plant and my recommendations for harvesting the excellent-tasting shoots.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Beginning foragers should note that I <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">advise</span> extra caution when eating hairless members of the carrot family. Be sure of your ID! </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc50JUGmTLeSg8Gl9yZa5AWmhLLmrhIj3TufJsdUkI18GYlmbTNYVUGwEgUGZJrhrpMvPaLmAlz7DMQkpjb6eOtOLlPNIUkTTQ9zR1sIqPSGdNc31-blmlb135sF33jTV4LGDE2nFmSbg/s1600/IMG_0457+Angelica+arguta+Sharptooth+Iron+Mt+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc50JUGmTLeSg8Gl9yZa5AWmhLLmrhIj3TufJsdUkI18GYlmbTNYVUGwEgUGZJrhrpMvPaLmAlz7DMQkpjb6eOtOLlPNIUkTTQ9zR1sIqPSGdNc31-blmlb135sF33jTV4LGDE2nFmSbg/s320/IMG_0457+Angelica+arguta+Sharptooth+Iron+Mt+cr.jpg" width="238" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Sharptooth Angelica is a hairless, multi-stemmed
herbaceous perennial arising from a long taproot. Leave<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">s are once to twice pinnately compound. <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">One or more </span></span>basal leaves emerge early in the spring, and <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">when they are </span>still
young, the leaf petioles are purplish red with white streaks but the color
fades to light green with dark green streaks as the plants age. Dark green leaflets
have sharply serrated margins and veins that exten<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">d</span> to the tip of each
serration. Most leaflets are lance-shaped, but they sometimes have 2 or 3 lobes. By mid to late spring, a hollow flowering shoot
emerges from the center of the plant. As the stem elongates between concealed
nodes, it explodes out of the cloak-like petiole of the first cauline leaf, and
telescopes upwards through successive leaf sheathes to a height of 3-6 feet. By
early summer, several compound umbels of brilliant white flowers finally emerge
at the end of the shoot. Winged seeds form by mid-summer
and are dispersed by wind before the plant begins to prepare for winter by
retreating back to its root.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4YIKwEMBz0mVzcMB3z_WsP70veSsOTXIf9Ow5Ccvvx5RqwU1IWgSFoTIKA9yHarXmUyrEYLbgiQWRBrDWqRiTVk5XSlcaZ_CO46tcEtnnNtYxPpIvl_9h8rIbnQVRf6JUgepLdC667_w/s1600/IMG_8045+Angelica+arguta+Stella%2527s+Fen+Cypress+Island+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4YIKwEMBz0mVzcMB3z_WsP70veSsOTXIf9Ow5Ccvvx5RqwU1IWgSFoTIKA9yHarXmUyrEYLbgiQWRBrDWqRiTVk5XSlcaZ_CO46tcEtnnNtYxPpIvl_9h8rIbnQVRf6JUgepLdC667_w/s200/IMG_8045+Angelica+arguta+Stella%2527s+Fen+Cypress+Island+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ4rEP43rRw3poGjPSGEYT3Ptm62-F2BIuMDD7N2vxwJImIICBhK_CY71zaAQdJkLF3qyXKcX7_uZfHhOckH0ohnlVfT-Qto0atmksLDXqjZh4XXf7rGBLiCJgjeuJyJyW0mL3Etyz0P8/s1600/Angelica+arguta+Sharptooth+Angelica+distribution+mapjpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ4rEP43rRw3poGjPSGEYT3Ptm62-F2BIuMDD7N2vxwJImIICBhK_CY71zaAQdJkLF3qyXKcX7_uZfHhOckH0ohnlVfT-Qto0atmksLDXqjZh4XXf7rGBLiCJgjeuJyJyW0mL3Etyz0P8/s200/Angelica+arguta+Sharptooth+Angelica+distribution+mapjpg.jpg" width="98" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Sharptooth Angelica is found in
forest clearings near streams, lakes, fens, and marshes throughout the forested
parts of our region from the Cascades of Southern British Columbia to Klamath
Mountains of Northern California.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgehFmXpen1jry1goMvKRks146KRuhaXtzjRjrjjHdVsAYg75EgxH-dVKly5AM5IB3DOyXsFcabTXv_0W-k8XtY4E5Wczz_6N6YFaNvB2iu8O5d06ohOK9MvX43bJiDXtLpyGyDdosTBs/s1600/IMG_0448+Angelica+arguta+Iron+Mt+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgehFmXpen1jry1goMvKRks146KRuhaXtzjRjrjjHdVsAYg75EgxH-dVKly5AM5IB3DOyXsFcabTXv_0W-k8XtY4E5Wczz_6N6YFaNvB2iu8O5d06ohOK9MvX43bJiDXtLpyGyDdosTBs/s200/IMG_0448+Angelica+arguta+Iron+Mt+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUkkb3pt2X0387BlYsdNplfEq_t4BMl40XyK_N5rnNeNA4CDWQ25DJJWTqSAwOv5ZhS9Rjg9jbOPY27J0R7Az-p79vMUaiz1gxpq_BA5Fr1KnSePUgxdTZzUjOfAKD-c_Vu-Uvr34RIeM/s1600/P1240052+Angelica+arguta+Twin+Sisters+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUkkb3pt2X0387BlYsdNplfEq_t4BMl40XyK_N5rnNeNA4CDWQ25DJJWTqSAwOv5ZhS9Rjg9jbOPY27J0R7Az-p79vMUaiz1gxpq_BA5Fr1KnSePUgxdTZzUjOfAKD-c_Vu-Uvr34RIeM/s200/P1240052+Angelica+arguta+Twin+Sisters+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">In California and Alaska, other
species of Angelica are traditionally eaten by several Indigenous groups, but I
could only locate ethnobotanical records for the food use of Sharptooth
Angelica among one group. The Shuswap traditionally eat the young stems in May
and mix the shoots with Glacier Lily and Spring Beauty as a seasoning (Palmer
1975). </span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Like Cow Parsnip (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Heracleum maximum</i>), Sharptooth Angelica
shoots are best eaten before the plants begin to flower. Work your way from the
ground up the flowering shoot, flexing the stem until you find the point where
it no longer kinks but snaps cleanly like asparagus. If several nodes are
exposed, only the upper portions will be tender enough to eat. Using your
fingernail or a knife to lift a corner of the skin, peel all of the skin from
the shoot. The raw shoots have a very pleasant celery-like flavor that is
milder than Cow <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">P</span>arsnip, with a texture that is more delicate. If you find
the flavor too strong, check to make sure you have removed all of the skin,
even little bits are noticeable.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">I have not yet tried cooking with
the shoots the way the Shuswap do. I sampled the raw leaf petioles and found
them to be too strong to enjoy and impossible to peel, but I think they warrant
experimentation as a potherb.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The name "Angelica" has possible origins in a myth about a monk who was taught the medicinal value of the plant by an angel, or possibly the coincidence of a European species that commonly flowers on May 8th, the same day as the feast of </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Michael the Archangel. The species epithet <i>arguta</i> means "sharp toothed" in Latin.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUDhXd2VWjbfOSZKrCwkjOBlBLIJ-ZB5mYpMuDyItf6PSPT8kOPQwDS7ioggfvfZMUFwNfpuch4mNkphBST6mhWJOAvNLB296etDMiQvi3hHM1dK2YnpLZGZlrAFT6DQlI8tEdQdU_qm8/s1600/Angelica+arguta+Cicuta+douglasii+Poison+Hemlock+leaflet+comparison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUDhXd2VWjbfOSZKrCwkjOBlBLIJ-ZB5mYpMuDyItf6PSPT8kOPQwDS7ioggfvfZMUFwNfpuch4mNkphBST6mhWJOAvNLB296etDMiQvi3hHM1dK2YnpLZGZlrAFT6DQlI8tEdQdU_qm8/s320/Angelica+arguta+Cicuta+douglasii+Poison+Hemlock+leaflet+comparison.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>CAUTION</b>: Douglas Water Hemlock (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cicuta douglasii</i>), which should also be
known as “Death Angelica” looks very similar to Sharptooth Angelica. Ingesting
even small amounts of Water Hemlock can be fatal.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Angelica species are best differentiated from <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Water Hemlock by the<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> veins on their leaflets and the <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">appearance of their roots in cross section. <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">The <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">lateral <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">veins on the leaflets of <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Water Hemlock terminate in the valley of the serrations (as <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">opposed to the tip of the serr<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">ations in <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Angelica</span>) and the roots of Water Hemlock are chambered in cross section (as opposed to solid in Angelica)<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">References:</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Palmer, Gary 1975. Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany. Syesis Volume 8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">WTU Herbarium</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Center for Pacific Northwest Herbaria</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Calflora</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-92024057522677247002015-09-22T23:19:00.002-07:002015-09-23T08:02:09.242-07:00How to harvest Wild RiceKatrina and I just returned from a long weekend ricing in Idaho. Here are some videos of our techniques.<br />
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<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-53363585775683527552015-03-24T15:15:00.001-07:002019-09-15T17:01:10.488-07:00How to eat a Horsetail<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsqDibcNiOtA3p2s54i1a5BijyjSuD6boNBxTj3JP4hdjJW5N-fiKdh9K06ioW57LPCIqFuAlv99WExQXhxvorZ2DNeJ0y2z7x75Xgagsrr1ERdvtU7F71wIUaqUkUzFGTYKd6w02i7zI/s1600/P1100563+Equisetum+telmateia+Bellingham.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsqDibcNiOtA3p2s54i1a5BijyjSuD6boNBxTj3JP4hdjJW5N-fiKdh9K06ioW57LPCIqFuAlv99WExQXhxvorZ2DNeJ0y2z7x75Xgagsrr1ERdvtU7F71wIUaqUkUzFGTYKd6w02i7zI/s1600/P1100563+Equisetum+telmateia+Bellingham.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Spring has arrived. The cheerful song
of the American Robin wakes me up each morning, their is enough daylight for late afternoon frivolities, and the Western Chorus frogs are
calling so jubilantly into the night now that they would put me to sleep if I
wasn’t so excited to hear them. I open the window and cock my ear to the side
to take in the sound that is occasionally audible over the constant grumble of the highway! In the
woods the Bigleaf Maple flowers are popping out of their over-sized buds and the
birches have given their last drops of sweet water. Like the leggy frogs that
leap enthusiastically in the warm air after a winter burrowed in frigid mud,
the plants too seem to be springing from the ground. Nettles grow visibly
between my every-other day harvests and an often overlooking edible—Giant Horsetail—claims
its place in the front of the seasonal line-up of tasty shoot vegetables.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">In the Pacific Northwest we have
several species of horsetail. Two are edible, three are useful as sandpaper,
and the remaining are neither useful to humans, nor common (limited to sloughs
and marshes). Following are descriptions of the edible species.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Giant Horsetail
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum telmateia</i>) description</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQoCmeQbvuBWtDCuit1fDfpg0C1RdJzcYziuZDdWW2ZIk6ufb8tm-HjHnD5SRN9wW5sIl32KsK4KOWcxutDwmhKgZm8byPCU13fK9VPSqzk1QGdfnzrctHx-hHSk3E2cNrzEgmT6mhgk/s1600/P1220832+Equisetum+telmateia+Giant+Horsetail+Newport+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQoCmeQbvuBWtDCuit1fDfpg0C1RdJzcYziuZDdWW2ZIk6ufb8tm-HjHnD5SRN9wW5sIl32KsK4KOWcxutDwmhKgZm8byPCU13fK9VPSqzk1QGdfnzrctHx-hHSk3E2cNrzEgmT6mhgk/s1600/P1220832+Equisetum+telmateia+Giant+Horsetail+Newport+cr.jpg" width="213" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Giant Horsetail is an herbaceous
clonal species. New shoots emerge from an underground network of rhizomes
beginning in early to mid-March. There are two types of shoots, the fertile
(spore bearing) shoots appearing a week ahead of the vegetative shoots.
Fertile shoots are ½-3/4” (1.5-2 cm) wide and 1-2’ (30-60 cm) tall. The stems elongate
between nodes which are covered with papery brown bracts. At the top of each
fertile shoot is a cone-like structure (strobilus) that changes from green to
white and eventually matures to brown when it begins releasing spores. The
vegetative shoots are slightly narrower and taller at 3/16-3/4” (5-20 mm) wide
and 1.5-4’ (50-120 cm) tall. The nodes of the vegetative shoots are also surrounded
by brown papery bracts, but they smaller giving room for the rings of needle
like leave that give the plant its namesake appearance. The features that
distinguish Giant Horsetail are most easily noticed in cross-section. A cross
section of the vegetative shoots shows a large hollow center that is much wider
than twice the thickness of the walls, and a cross section of the needle like
leaves shows that they are rounded.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxlI3laU0CQ5z1dpTFUXz0loTr5lLyCiPe6tsWK4Ve9C9WgH76BgPxiKRzR0E22-mR1Rv5qL9RUnKEP6_d33e7XcUszF6hQ8ieSa0W3y3rS_xO0jm4XWXOBuIAHeabbm1NnztONA0SkdQ/s1600/P1020828+Equisetum+telmatiea+Royal+Roads.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxlI3laU0CQ5z1dpTFUXz0loTr5lLyCiPe6tsWK4Ve9C9WgH76BgPxiKRzR0E22-mR1Rv5qL9RUnKEP6_d33e7XcUszF6hQ8ieSa0W3y3rS_xO0jm4XWXOBuIAHeabbm1NnztONA0SkdQ/s1600/P1020828+Equisetum+telmatiea+Royal+Roads.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This oddball has both photosynthetic branches and a reproductive strobilus</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Giant Horsetails grow at low
elevations in loose, damp soil. They are found from Bella Coola and Haida Gwaii
in British Columbia southward along the coast to Southern California. Their
eastward range is limited by the Coast Range in BC, and the Cascades in
Washington and Oregon, except for a few isolated inland populations in the
Columbia River watershed. This pattern continues into California where they flourish
along the Coast Range but have only limited distribution in the Sierra
foothills.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Edibility</span></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv_jU9lAfVErmUvWLeDYb3VRGXQnUbRLasyVME1imm9zX9BC1kh-nn8-F-BOKWXDRR8yoXmII9s_GzUAjjWYJHFf8N0nghFxuSLCGeElnUQYIgYAtZJRM2btrecNT0mjTgy0xkhqhVpEQ/s1600/P1230152+Equisetum+telmatiea+Giant+Horsetail+Royal+Roads+fertile+shoots+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv_jU9lAfVErmUvWLeDYb3VRGXQnUbRLasyVME1imm9zX9BC1kh-nn8-F-BOKWXDRR8yoXmII9s_GzUAjjWYJHFf8N0nghFxuSLCGeElnUQYIgYAtZJRM2btrecNT0mjTgy0xkhqhVpEQ/s1600/P1230152+Equisetum+telmatiea+Giant+Horsetail+Royal+Roads+fertile+shoots+cr.jpg" width="178" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Still OK (center); too old (right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgusqV8r18GDvWp_o-oyhZqATJj9AfQGWaPhRjokJpw2GWh2NYFWuAH8gC0Sq0I34XwaSiUNrazjHIZDES7dJS2B2hxqAKVMVOEsbbQ_tW6vSALmPbgzSpsK7xMGkpBv24uKT901LMABw0/s1600/P1050568+Equisetum+telmatiea.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgusqV8r18GDvWp_o-oyhZqATJj9AfQGWaPhRjokJpw2GWh2NYFWuAH8gC0Sq0I34XwaSiUNrazjHIZDES7dJS2B2hxqAKVMVOEsbbQ_tW6vSALmPbgzSpsK7xMGkpBv24uKT901LMABw0/s1600/P1050568+Equisetum+telmatiea.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perfect stage (left)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The fertile shoots of Giant
Horsetails are best picked between March 15<sup>th</sup> and April 15<sup>th</sup>.
At this time they are 4-8” (5-10 cm) tall and the cones are still whitish.
Before this time they are hard to see and too small to be worth the effort, and
after this time they become stringy. Palatability plummets after the cones brown.
Pluck shoots at ground level and carefully peel off the coarse bract that surrounds
each node. These bracts are filled with silicates that will sand away at your
teeth, an anti-herbivory adaptation that usually keeps the deer from eating them
unless they are really hungry. Once you have peeled the shoots, discard the strobilus,
rinse off any dirt, and enjoy them fresh. Their mild flavor and juiciness is
similar to celery, but they lack the annoying fibers. I didn’t learn to eat Giant
Horsetails until nine years ago when my friend Trent picked one at the Outback
Farm ate it. They have been among my favorite wild shoot vegetables ever since. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOYW7y3nOVgRW7Oi_2ZW5nujiPoShHbctD2oVj7O_q1C0awjY4wLUAdB_rQm4gMnhjwjvsiP7FRJdRAepJyQPQ1R9TIO-T3N1N1UhrS4Vu7uT_9cyaqjHU_Md_ZlmiC0Q4syFDaNVBmqQ/s1600/P1050630+Equisetum+telmateia+vegetative+and+fertile+shoots+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOYW7y3nOVgRW7Oi_2ZW5nujiPoShHbctD2oVj7O_q1C0awjY4wLUAdB_rQm4gMnhjwjvsiP7FRJdRAepJyQPQ1R9TIO-T3N1N1UhrS4Vu7uT_9cyaqjHU_Md_ZlmiC0Q4syFDaNVBmqQ/s1600/P1050630+Equisetum+telmateia+vegetative+and+fertile+shoots+cr.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Unprocessed vegetative shoots (left) and fertile shoots (right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiOO36BdbSzEWnXxiPwn_ACw2ybs_N_I1Xy0VCLmuUEb9JWRj_llxdnXOcBbXaqIjGG7bIo28MZltfz7xvYy1adxPLyf7-v4S-AGZD_OUdDWWKS7p0JJ2wmgkPfj55I8_gaAhWQ3BMLgk/s1600/P1050631+Equisetum+telmateia+fertile+and+vegetative+shoots+pealed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiOO36BdbSzEWnXxiPwn_ACw2ybs_N_I1Xy0VCLmuUEb9JWRj_llxdnXOcBbXaqIjGG7bIo28MZltfz7xvYy1adxPLyf7-v4S-AGZD_OUdDWWKS7p0JJ2wmgkPfj55I8_gaAhWQ3BMLgk/s1600/P1050631+Equisetum+telmateia+fertile+and+vegetative+shoots+pealed.jpg" width="172" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perfectly ripe and peeled</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The vegetative shoots of Giant
Horsetail are also edible, but much more work for a product that is not as
tasty. You must pick them before the needle like leaves have started to extend
horizontally. Remove both the bracts (as above) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and </i>the leaves since the leaves contain the same silicate grazing defense
as the bracts.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ethnobotany</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Closely related species often are
used in very similar ways. Most <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rubus </i>fruits
are choice edibles and most willows provide good withes for basket weaving. So
too is the ethnobotany of horsetails. When I skimmed through Daniel Moerman’s “Native
American Ethnobotany” I quickly realized that Indigenous societies across the
continent traditionally use <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E. arvensis</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E. telmateia</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E. hymenale</i> for similar things such as skin
poultices, tonics for internal organs and sandpaper. However, a few accounts
such suggest that the very coarse stems of Scouring Rush (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E. hymenale</i>) where traditionally eaten
as medicine, and I suspect that this is a case of mistaken identity on the
part of the ethnobotanist. The plants all share similar habitat and appearance,
making identification without a reference specimen challenging. </span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh680jTURwqntzjCApbyc4Lvgyyx8ixUilT-ibWuUb8dacyxf9-PP9XPxW0FwxblImMolH3WzvQLk0Nc-yyc5dUnd5aHvQl-99XDL2g6TUO6OxNR33CpWON0s6MY9VhoH4nxB-56eAjG2I/s1600/Horse+tail+P1050564+Equisetum+telmateia.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh680jTURwqntzjCApbyc4Lvgyyx8ixUilT-ibWuUb8dacyxf9-PP9XPxW0FwxblImMolH3WzvQLk0Nc-yyc5dUnd5aHvQl-99XDL2g6TUO6OxNR33CpWON0s6MY9VhoH4nxB-56eAjG2I/s1600/Horse+tail+P1050564+Equisetum+telmateia.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The fertile shoots of Giant Horsetail
are traditionally pealed and eaten by Indigenous groups from the Yurok in
California to the Nuu-chah-nulth on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, and
several in between (Moerman). Further north along the coast, the plant is less
common; while it is still recognized, it is apparently not eaten (see Turner
2010; Turner and Bell 1973). The Makah (Gill 1983), Nitinaht, Nuu-chah-nulth (Turner
et al. 1983; but see Turner and Efrat 1872), and Clallam (Gunther 1973) eat
both the fertile and vegetative shoots. The Makah also eat the young strobilus
after boiling it for 10 minutes, and have a special name for the reproductive
shoots that reflects the “head” on the top (Gill 1983). In earlier times, the
tubers were evidently collected later in the season and eaten raw by the Makah
(Swan 1870), Cowlitz, and Swinomish (Gunther 1973), or boiled and served with
grease by the Makah, Clallam, Quinault, Cowlitz, and Lower Chinook (Gunther
1973; Fleisher 1980). The early naturalist and ethnographer George Gibbs (1863) provides a name for horsetail roots in Clallam and Lummi. Gibbs (1877) also gives a name in Nisqually and Skykomish with the translation "ground grape (the tuber of a species of <i>Equisetum</i>)." The Cowlitz also pulverized the dried cones to mix with
salmon eggs (Gunther 1973). </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The shoots are universally
regarded as juicy and thirst quenching but I can find no descriptions of the taste of the tubers (and have not yet seen or tried them myself).</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The name horsetail aptly reflects
the similarity in appearance of the vegetative shoots to a horse’s tail. This
resemblance is also captured in the genus name which means “horse bristle” in
Latin. The species epithet comes from the Greek word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telmat</i> which means “wetland,” where the plants are often found. A
geographically distinct subspecies of Giant Horsetail is found in Europe,
Western Asia, and North Africa and retains the subspecies name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telmateia</i> whereas our western North
American taxon goes by the subspecies name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">braunii</i>
(in honor of the German botanist <span class="st">Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun,
1805-1877, who specialized in spermophytes).</span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiheEG_FNNz3QcAOyUX18J7bKQgSt5C01qLGJhO0DDYuZGGAI34ewxZUF1jLLcyTQ8Z2euJ5iA1jmxAMJ8V20B96U6V4Vin1ZSU7F3fneWowz7hpIL2Ti_ZhakjjebAtrOfBrNOdUCBpso/s1600/P1220863+Equisetum+arvense+Common+Horsetail+Newport+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiheEG_FNNz3QcAOyUX18J7bKQgSt5C01qLGJhO0DDYuZGGAI34ewxZUF1jLLcyTQ8Z2euJ5iA1jmxAMJ8V20B96U6V4Vin1ZSU7F3fneWowz7hpIL2Ti_ZhakjjebAtrOfBrNOdUCBpso/s1600/P1220863+Equisetum+arvense+Common+Horsetail+Newport+cr.jpg" width="203" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A week too late</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Related
species: Common Horsetail (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equisetum
arvense</i>)</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Common Horsetails are widespread
throughout North America. From a distance, they can be
distinguished from Giant Horsetail by their smaller size, more kinked needles,
and longer primary (inner most) leaf segments on each branch. In cross section,
the needle like leaves are angled so strongly that they appear winged, and the
void in the middle of the main stem is equal to or less than twice the wall
thickness. The fastidious will also find that Giant Horsetails have 20-40
ridges around the stem while the Common variety have 10-15. At harvest time, the
shoot thickness and wall to central void ratio are the most discernible
differences. Fertile shoots of Common Horsetail can be peeled and eaten in the
same manner as Giant Horsetail. They are more work for less reward, and I find
them to also be less tasty. The young vegetative shoots may well be edible as
above, but frankly, I can’t see how they would be worth the trouble when the
fertile shoots are available.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfNR06swwreSLhc33Il1aJx6QHNQbNAnsykeVC74O9-OHnAYgtQ8yvrIK6EhX1P20yZ2JG4vACiTGAq5l6UecZ5V9keLClq6RcAE0FzD2zS2ruHOEuPNHxlZUkXYxwJFADpYiC2VJCg3Y/s1600/P1110138+Equisetum+telmateia+cross+section.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfNR06swwreSLhc33Il1aJx6QHNQbNAnsykeVC74O9-OHnAYgtQ8yvrIK6EhX1P20yZ2JG4vACiTGAq5l6UecZ5V9keLClq6RcAE0FzD2zS2ruHOEuPNHxlZUkXYxwJFADpYiC2VJCg3Y/s1600/P1110138+Equisetum+telmateia+cross+section.jpg" width="153" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>E. telmateia </i>x-section</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr20oUSW8b2GYnGeepaW7yIDcGR4Fp1B60cHHE1xphHi2fhlSHkboQYyWS7MLVQD_63mIWCijk9JtWEyGU2wO6FpRTzS0dSb8B32_rcGbweoCyEfNtCMm3uh1JKN6vbEZENgy_LZeXTr4/s1600/P1110137+Equisetum+arvense+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr20oUSW8b2GYnGeepaW7yIDcGR4Fp1B60cHHE1xphHi2fhlSHkboQYyWS7MLVQD_63mIWCijk9JtWEyGU2wO6FpRTzS0dSb8B32_rcGbweoCyEfNtCMm3uh1JKN6vbEZENgy_LZeXTr4/s1600/P1110137+Equisetum+arvense+cr.jpg" width="185" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>E. arvense</i> x-section</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">The species epithet <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">arvense</i> comes from the Latin adjective “in the field,”
an apt name for this common agricultural “weed.”</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Bibliography</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://calflora.org/cgi-bin/specieslist.cgi?where-prettyreglist=any&where-namesoup=equisetum&where-caltranslifeform2=any&where-native=any&rel-rarity=invalue&where-rarity=any&rel-calipc=gte&rel-upper_elev=gt&where-upper_elev=&rel-lower_elev=lt&where-lower_elev=&where-category=any&where-pretty_plantcomm=any&orderby=taxon" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Cal-flora</span></a></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://www.pnwherbaria.org/data/results.php?DisplayAs=WebPage&ExcludeCultivated=Y&GroupBy=ungrouped&SortBy=Year&SortOrder=DESC&SearchAllHerbaria=Y&QueryCount=1&IncludeSynonyms1=Y&Genus1=equisetum&Species1=telmateia&Zoom=4&Lat=55&Lng=-135&PolygonCount=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria</span></a></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Equisetum%20telmateia" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">E-flora BC</span></a></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Fleisher, Mark 1980. The
Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington. Washington State
University.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Gibbs, George 1863. Alphebetical vocabulary of the Clallam and Lummi.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Gibbs, George 1877. Tribes of Western Washington.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Gill, Steven 1983. Ethnobotany of
the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Washington State
University, PhD. Thesis.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Gunther, Erna 1973. Ethnobotany
of Western Washington. University of Washington Press, Seattle WA.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Moerman, Danielle. <a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/">Native American Ethnobotany</a> database.
University of Michigan, Deerborn.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Swan, James 1880. The Indians of
Cape Flattery, at the Entrance to the Straight of Fuca, Washington Territory.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Collins Printer, Philadelphia PA.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Turner, Nancy J. 2010. Plants of
Haida Gwaii. Sononis Press, Winlaw BC.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara
Efrat 1982. Ethnobotany of the Hesquiate Indians of Vancouver Island. Cultural
Recovery Papers No. 2, British Columbia Provincial Museum.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas,
Barry F. Carlson, and Robert T. Obilvie 1983. Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht
Indians of Vancouver Island. Occasional Papers Series No. 24, British Columbia
Provincial Museum.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Turner, Nancy J. and Marcus Bell
1973. Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians. Economic Botany, Vol 2, No
3.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">WTU Herbarium</span></a></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-48044908909984944742015-03-06T11:59:00.000-08:002015-03-07T14:44:29.662-08:00Birch- Maple's sappy boyfriend<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVtK5eF7emxvXpDLCjD0HPZiEFutndCuul5nOJbMgnUWZ2ou7KlYcKDyuB93i0m5iWAbNcUc6oZgDV3BQlob2EpdfzD3CWhEvQk58m0tD2XbSqAnPKYHGudA7QZBVeLjt9R182hH8w1K8/s1600/IMG_6939+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+syrup+bottled.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVtK5eF7emxvXpDLCjD0HPZiEFutndCuul5nOJbMgnUWZ2ou7KlYcKDyuB93i0m5iWAbNcUc6oZgDV3BQlob2EpdfzD3CWhEvQk58m0tD2XbSqAnPKYHGudA7QZBVeLjt9R182hH8w1K8/s1600/IMG_6939+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+syrup+bottled.JPG" height="320" width="213" /></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our warm winter has not been good
for Bigleaf Maple (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acer macrophyllum</i>)
sap production in Bellingham. There were some decent freezes in the late
fall, but I didn’t bother tapping. In the past, the early season flow
has been poor and the interval between cold spells, long enough that the taps healed over and the equipment needed to be washed. Sap <i>did</i> run the week following Christmas, but since then none of the
frosts have been cold or long enough to stimulate any flow. Fortunately for me, Dad collected some maple sap just before the New Year while I was traveling for the holidays, otherwise I would have nothing to show for this year.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I didn't want to give up too easily. Last year, the majority of the
runs happened in late February and early March. The weather was consistently cold,
with a few storms thrown in. You might recall the Feb 23, 2014 snow storm that overloaded
many tree branches. Such a “late” winter storm is not uncommon in this area. On
the same day in 2011, it snowed 10” in Victoria BC; and on March 5, 2012 it
snowed ½” in Bellingham. Beyond the tenure of my written records, I have numerous childhood
memories of late storms shrouding crocuses with snow. These last few years’ experience
have taught me that sap flows strongest during snow storms, so I wasn’t going
to give up on the sap season during the balmy weeks in mid-February. I
sanitized my taps, piled firewood, loaded my truck, and kept an eye on the
weather.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Two weeks ago on Feb 21<sup>st</sup>, we had a frost that was heavy enough to leave ½” of ice in a pail outside,
despite a low that was predicted to be several degrees above freezing. Freezing
weather in Western Whatcom County is evidently hard to forecast. My theory is
that we are close enough to the Fraser Valley that minor nighttime outflows of
cold interior air provide us with lower temperatures than the rest of the Puget
Lowlands. Despite the next nights forecast in the mid-thirties, I
awoke to frost again on the 22<sup>nd</sup>, and decided to mobilize. I drilled
into my first Maples around noon on a sunny day with temps in the low 50s, and
the sawdust was dry. Two more Maples also yielded dry sawdust and no subsequent
sap flow, so I gave up on Maples. Besides, I had noticed that a few of the buds had already burst. I think the Bigleaf Maples are truly done for the year.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnBxCTLdghS5NFzSBTkInMk-oZ0aEqr1QpTMftpRDBAk48cHtKKX74ZfEzIPQmatUte3aSPwrefsp3kCHra12MoCpx1KkE3U45Wl36_bmoZj8XqI6ZG1C3smNDXY3Erf_0eeJuiqCB_Gs/s1600/IMG_6974+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+tapping+wet+sawdust.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnBxCTLdghS5NFzSBTkInMk-oZ0aEqr1QpTMftpRDBAk48cHtKKX74ZfEzIPQmatUte3aSPwrefsp3kCHra12MoCpx1KkE3U45Wl36_bmoZj8XqI6ZG1C3smNDXY3Erf_0eeJuiqCB_Gs/s1600/IMG_6974+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+tapping+wet+sawdust.JPG" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi90Ko9o5CAs4yqeUXZPG5LoPauMuos0Rf-CQZ2ng2UeCjJnLy-ISLDBj_uSQCaU_l-s9Kgh6hyphenhyphenKnSnPoymcfGaRS7gsxWl9mk9PHDzq3uS2OesFF_bqqPFbm2dk-5GCgmErXWAQlfhpCg/s1600/IMG_6933+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+tap+King+Mt+cr1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi90Ko9o5CAs4yqeUXZPG5LoPauMuos0Rf-CQZ2ng2UeCjJnLy-ISLDBj_uSQCaU_l-s9Kgh6hyphenhyphenKnSnPoymcfGaRS7gsxWl9mk9PHDzq3uS2OesFF_bqqPFbm2dk-5GCgmErXWAQlfhpCg/s1600/IMG_6933+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+tap+King+Mt+cr1.jpg" height="200" width="194" /></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But what about birches? I have
heard that syrup can be made from birch sap too, and knew that they are said to
run in slightly warmer temperatures. Why not try? I scouted the hillside with
drill in hand and bored into the first Paper Birch I found. The saw dust was pulpy and my
hole immediately started dripping sap! I rushed for supplies and after the
first tap and pail were installed, located 5 more Paper Birches to tap.</span><br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiDyULNn1hYVB6wcLfGet_K4v-QmAimLL2hrQ8xD1hJ3Elz0wvQGy3I8e_4IZU_U6XIIkrcJ4YvKHwavy9c2xYiAti6Rt3VQqpO1nDAEiPjgqlFMyuVuo81tgsoymnw0xE-_SGYQJzlVw/s1600/IMG_6863+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+tap+King+Mt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiDyULNn1hYVB6wcLfGet_K4v-QmAimLL2hrQ8xD1hJ3Elz0wvQGy3I8e_4IZU_U6XIIkrcJ4YvKHwavy9c2xYiAti6Rt3VQqpO1nDAEiPjgqlFMyuVuo81tgsoymnw0xE-_SGYQJzlVw/s1600/IMG_6863+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+tap+King+Mt.JPG" height="133" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the 14 days since, I have collected 42 gallons of sap from those 6 birches at an average rate of ½ gallon per tree per
day. The nighttime lows have been between 30 and 40, and the highs mostly in the
50s. Every other day I collected about 6 gallons, and reduced it to about 50 percent sugar before freezing it. With the exception of my first batch, which I was eager to taste, I waited until the end of the season to aggregated all my frozen near-syrup, and finish the syrup all at once. See my <a href="http://arcadianabe.blogspot.com/2013/02/bigleaf-maple-syrup.html" target="_blank">Bigleaf Maple syrup article</a> for details on how to finish syrup.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The chemistry and concentration
of birch sap is different than maple sap. Birch sap is mostly fructose and
glucose, with small amounts of sucrose, whereas maple syrup is primarily
sucrose with some fructose and glucose. The concentration of sugars is much
lower in birch, often requiring 100-120 parts sap to produce 1 part syrup, compared
to the 30-50 to 1 ratio for maples. The simpler sugars found in birch sap make
it more prone to “scorching,” and for reason’s I don’t understand, the flavor
of birch syrup is often described as “spicy” and “more savory than sweet.” I
think the syrup tastes like roasted camas with a hint of peach. Katrina thinks
it tastes like honey. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_iJcs5Abv2CP9UWbSuBMk6SVMEQpc4lY6c3ila9nHQAgJYrcA0uOScJ-6-ehaNFDvzeYDMxrIuL71tTf1Jjr4yEfNaS27N234_Uxz69ZIswC49QynyYerF4cH7l4pAM12XqzVC7fURro/s1600/IMG_6892+Betula+papyrifera+Birch+sap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_iJcs5Abv2CP9UWbSuBMk6SVMEQpc4lY6c3ila9nHQAgJYrcA0uOScJ-6-ehaNFDvzeYDMxrIuL71tTf1Jjr4yEfNaS27N234_Uxz69ZIswC49QynyYerF4cH7l4pAM12XqzVC7fURro/s1600/IMG_6892+Betula+papyrifera+Birch+sap.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Finishing a small batch of Paper Birch syrup</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paper Birch description</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are about a dozen species
of birch in North America with the center of diversity in the Northeastern
Woodlands. Only three species are native to the Pacific Northwest: Water Birch
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Betula occidentalis</i>) which grows along
streams and wetlands east of the Cascades; Western Paper Birch (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Betula papyrifera</i>), which grows at low
to moderate elevations west of the Cascades as well as open woods east of the
Cascades; and Swamp Birch (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Betula
glandulosa</i>) which grows in very wet areas, mostly in the mountains east of
the Cascade crest. European White Birch (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Betula
pendula</i>) is also commonly found in yards and parks throughout our area, and
has very white bark and fine, drooping twigs.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAwgJOX5PPgzYwC35hiRH3Dv1l6zwQzH0GN2Du_j4nX9ZQiNCLgKlvcqnypFcail3t0zfPWTrv5X1Pip4KvwdjK8NdJvHz9JwpnHvKIh4TKL3M3w9bWTz5vXyNZHmQDOjQOByr63XN0Hs/s1600/IMG_6871+Betula+pendula+European+White+Birch+canopy+Bellingham.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAwgJOX5PPgzYwC35hiRH3Dv1l6zwQzH0GN2Du_j4nX9ZQiNCLgKlvcqnypFcail3t0zfPWTrv5X1Pip4KvwdjK8NdJvHz9JwpnHvKIh4TKL3M3w9bWTz5vXyNZHmQDOjQOByr63XN0Hs/s1600/IMG_6871+Betula+pendula+European+White+Birch+canopy+Bellingham.JPG" height="320" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drooping twigs of European White Birch</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbuD4ZyR28GxaP3rEGvOBiq349UOTg5IHsCVfxLvhtJFRWfNYX0a1kFCTK64aS1GWKfPQJnndPa6J_K5Jx7ZKnhDqYIl9ZLeuta5A8O-Todiz1iuBDMprS5ihF1TQ0EZCsktPZf-jH39w/s1600/IMG_6946+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+canopy+King+Mt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbuD4ZyR28GxaP3rEGvOBiq349UOTg5IHsCVfxLvhtJFRWfNYX0a1kFCTK64aS1GWKfPQJnndPa6J_K5Jx7ZKnhDqYIl9ZLeuta5A8O-Todiz1iuBDMprS5ihF1TQ0EZCsktPZf-jH39w/s1600/IMG_6946+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+canopy+King+Mt.JPG" height="320" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Upright twigs of Paper Birch</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBmYA56rSB-kiycf6Xh4F_B8xBNy4Nqp4hm_vVlmloPmj5Fl87m3C7U7mU5aG0mB24BXrhxFMoKSpNToKeb7tYBMI6XWVMpThAiIMWAh_MMjkBhsCECYDAJS6Fjjcitx5SPtQLd4db0L8/s1600/IMG_6914+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+bark+variation+collage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBmYA56rSB-kiycf6Xh4F_B8xBNy4Nqp4hm_vVlmloPmj5Fl87m3C7U7mU5aG0mB24BXrhxFMoKSpNToKeb7tYBMI6XWVMpThAiIMWAh_MMjkBhsCECYDAJS6Fjjcitx5SPtQLd4db0L8/s1600/IMG_6914+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+bark+variation+collage.jpg" height="229" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Collage showing color variation in Paper Birch bark</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paper Birches are small deciduous
trees that mature to heights of 40-60 ft and usually 5-12" in
diameter with rare individuals growing larger than 16" wide. The trunks are occasionally clumped or multi-stemmed near the base. The
horizontally peeling bark that is so characteristic of mature Birch trees takes
on more color variation in our region than the white barked variety of the northwoods;
grey, copper, and orange tones are also common here. The trunks of Paper Birches in
the west also carry a considerable load of lichens, and mosses may cling to the
base. Whatever the color or age, all the bark is covered with distinct
horizontal bands of lenticels that permit gas exchange.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI-cbZxvSGnFYtgwmrGYm0etmBnicLgvHc05X-c6cT508D290tCknxiJDbXNrLcfUHEuid6desgp15nSO6Syj22MUr0frjopjvcZQMT4eLDs5HBoJ2VYttGZJTD4eOyZzyvbzGLbG30y0/s1600/IMG_6906+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+catkin+King+Mt+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI-cbZxvSGnFYtgwmrGYm0etmBnicLgvHc05X-c6cT508D290tCknxiJDbXNrLcfUHEuid6desgp15nSO6Syj22MUr0frjopjvcZQMT4eLDs5HBoJ2VYttGZJTD4eOyZzyvbzGLbG30y0/s1600/IMG_6906+Betula+papyrifera+Paper+Birch+catkin+King+Mt+cr.jpg" height="236" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paper Birch catkins</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paper Birches branches ascend at
a steep angle from the trunk. In young vigorously growing trees the branches
are straight, but with maturity the trunk and branches take on a more twisted
form. The fine twigs have a purplish black color and usually extend upward. Catkins
emerge after Red Alder but still ahead of Birch leaf-out, and are usually in clumps
of 2-3 at the ends of the previous year’s growth. Leaves are alternate, simple,
and have serrated margins. The trees are short lived, but die slowly. Dead tops
are very common in Paper Birches, and provide important habitat for cavity
nesting birds. As decay extends downward, they frequently host useful and
edible fungus. </span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ethnobotany</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The ethnobotany of our region
includes virtually no food use for Paper Birch. Further north where birches are
more common, the Upper Tanana in Alaska traditionally drink Birch sap raw (Kari
1985). Eastward, other northern Peoples make birch syrup, such as the
Algonquin in Quebec and the Cree in Saskatchewan (<a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/">Moerman</a>). The Cree and Montagnais also traditionally eat the bark cambium of Paper Birch (<a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/">Moerman</a>).</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Where birch occurs in the Pacific
Northwest, the bark is used for containers and canoes, the wood for
carving, and both the wood and bark burned. Birch has many traditional
medicinal uses as well. The most interesting to me is the Nlaka’pamux (Thompson) use of
birch sap as a spring time cold and cough remedy (Turner et al. 1990).</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sap isn’t the only edible part of
a birch. Xylitol, an artificial sweetener that has a dramatically lower
glycemic index than sucrose, is produced by wet oxidation or steaming and
distillation of several plant based carbohydrates, especially birch wood. I
will probably have to take some chemistry before I attempt doing this on my
own.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 54.6pt; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conclusion</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 54.6pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In our region, collecting sap and
making syrup are novel activities that, on good years, can supply the dedicated
forager with their sugar needs for the year. However, Bigleaf Maple is on the
margin of climate suitability (not enough freezing days; unpredictable season),
and Paper Birch is on the margin of labor efficiency (the sap is 2.5 times more
diluted than maple sap), and habitat suitability (not that common in the
Western Washington). Even though both species have individual limitations, I
have learned this year that Maple and Birch complement each other perfectly and can ensure
that at least some syrup makes it into the pantry.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 54.6pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 54.6pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Notes </b></span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The folks at <a href="http://www.alaskabirchsyrup.com/"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kahiltna
Birchworks</a> in Alaska are the only commercial source of Paper Birch syrup
that I can find. I have never heard of anyone tapping any of our other birches.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 54.6pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-73655358662610859772015-01-15T13:08:00.000-08:002015-01-15T13:08:03.936-08:00Wild Rice parchingInspired by my brother's video of the rice hulling, I decided to put together a video of my rice parching equipment. Using this system I can parch 10-12 lbs of rice in 20 minutes.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/nSFLldqmQbI?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-43140401187815447662014-11-06T12:04:00.000-08:002014-11-06T12:04:48.301-08:00Wild Rice husking machineMy brother produced this fun video of my bicycle powered Wild Rice husking/hulling machine.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/EI90FYuVFF8?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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I designed and built it myself with the help of my dad. It is made from a recycled 55 gallon steel drum with sheet rubber glued to the inside. Stainless steel rubber coated paddles rotate inside the drum and rub the hulls from the grain. These paddles are bicycle powered and spin at 100-120 rpm while an electric fan blow the chaff out of the drum. Further winnowing and hand picking is required to separate the remainder of the chaff and a few kernels that make it through with their husks in place. <br />
<br />
<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-16394325967493776252014-10-13T20:00:00.002-07:002014-10-13T20:01:55.769-07:00Klipsun Magazine features local foragers<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFsV1BgFliHw9rQloC9ytb6acxannSZkWUTpMxP6wPsz3VUcegzmgF3IVovqrHgitxr4OZVxqJIQHDkRX7IodOqy9Wui3bqTxF3RwduOtx6EJCJCdJDIlAQLX7tvTMFlnWonENf7_2Suk/s1600/Abe+Wild+Rice+processing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFsV1BgFliHw9rQloC9ytb6acxannSZkWUTpMxP6wPsz3VUcegzmgF3IVovqrHgitxr4OZVxqJIQHDkRX7IodOqy9Wui3bqTxF3RwduOtx6EJCJCdJDIlAQLX7tvTMFlnWonENf7_2Suk/s1600/Abe+Wild+Rice+processing.png" height="270" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My bicycle powered wild rice hulling machine. Photograph by Evan Abell</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
WWU student writer Michelle Dutro and photographer Evan Abell spent an afternoon harvesting and processing wild foods with me while working on their article "<a href="http://www.klipsunmagazine.com/foragers/" target="_blank">Wonders of the Wilderness</a>," which features local foragers.<br />
<br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-67858194963333936412014-09-05T11:52:00.000-07:002019-07-02T22:51:57.664-07:00Beach Pea, An Enigmatic Edible<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZb3ChsKaXL9xwqMjM9O9GXZLRuDiqaF-e9QUj01MxU-uBdAL00qjaR8lWRD3NcUVU5N8Tm8jhRehfzj6Md8G41V9gyhsSRSwOs31mTufxYeelwSCFGezzlPgntxIks0JwqYds1BW65Rc/s1600/P1240160+Lathyrus+japonicus++Beach+Pea+pods+Rosario+Beach.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZb3ChsKaXL9xwqMjM9O9GXZLRuDiqaF-e9QUj01MxU-uBdAL00qjaR8lWRD3NcUVU5N8Tm8jhRehfzj6Md8G41V9gyhsSRSwOs31mTufxYeelwSCFGezzlPgntxIks0JwqYds1BW65Rc/s1600/P1240160+Lathyrus+japonicus++Beach+Pea+pods+Rosario+Beach.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ripe Beach Peas in the half shell</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">I first learned that Beach Peas (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lathyrus japonicus</i>)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>were edible from my college friend Joe as we were walking along
the south shore of Lake Superior. I was a little cautious, having heard the
oft repeated admonition that “wild peas are poisonous” but they were ripe and I
trusted him, so I picked a few and ate them on the spot. Nothing ill came of
it, but having only eaten one, I still always had a question in my mind about
just <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">how </i>edible they really are. </span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">I grew up in the Pacific
Northwest only miles from the salt-chuck, but I failed to notice Beach Peas as
a part of our regional flora until I moved to Victoria for graduate school.
Beach Peas thrive along surf swept shorelines of sand and pebble, and there are
many more suitable beaches on Vancouver Island than in Bellingham Bay (though I
have since found them scattered throughout the Salish Sea).</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>Description</b> </span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG9Cioi4i6mwJADQrETL_PsOAbpXMkMqx5bHQDMnYXIiSFnBHMDaTrzipiw34bXVNbDnCwLEAUhZJl6AnO3QKxkU2o5kJVTg7MU8HICWTcFSEcnpWg1dLhsEkyUGXj9Hz6m68s3gIlMGk/s1600/P1080155+Lathyrus+japonicus+Bamfield+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG9Cioi4i6mwJADQrETL_PsOAbpXMkMqx5bHQDMnYXIiSFnBHMDaTrzipiw34bXVNbDnCwLEAUhZJl6AnO3QKxkU2o5kJVTg7MU8HICWTcFSEcnpWg1dLhsEkyUGXj9Hz6m68s3gIlMGk/s1600/P1080155+Lathyrus+japonicus+Bamfield+cr.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flowers and young Beach Peas</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs4emSPUrAI71u6pb7BM-4qD6BVpts5qpfcHsVtEg_aQOph2hHrD3ciXJse9uXF24OgVuVYzoxDp-yt8hOePe9-s3mdYcevQRAGRgiq2L77sfqe7sGjTqUovYx8YBOVWTzD1omJ0UUGFs/s1600/P1070511++Lathyrus+japonicus+fr+Calvert+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs4emSPUrAI71u6pb7BM-4qD6BVpts5qpfcHsVtEg_aQOph2hHrD3ciXJse9uXF24OgVuVYzoxDp-yt8hOePe9-s3mdYcevQRAGRgiq2L77sfqe7sGjTqUovYx8YBOVWTzD1omJ0UUGFs/s1600/P1070511++Lathyrus+japonicus+fr+Calvert+Island.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Beach Peas are trailing
herbaceous perennial vines that are usually no taller than 18 inches, but can
form extensive patches. The leaves are pinnately compound with 3-5 pairs of
ovate leaflets, and a terminal tendril that is sometimes branched. Leaflets are
usually smooth margined with a mucrinate tip, the upper surface of the leaflets
are light green to bluish green and the lower sides are whitish green. A large
sagittate stipule surrounds the stem at the base of each leaf. Both leaves and
stems are hairless. The stems are somewhat angular but strongly compressed or
winged like in some other members of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lathyrus
</i>genus. Pea-like flowers are born in racemes on upright peduncles that
usually rise above the surrounding leaves. Each raceme contains 3-5 pairs of
light purple to dark pink flowers that begin to bloom in May. Depending on the
availability of moisture, flowering can continue into September. Pea pods begin
to form as the weather dries out and the first ripe pods are often available in
the Puget Sound from mid-late June. Young pods are hairy and green or red with
green tips. As the single row of peas mature, the pods blend to a reddish green.
Each pod contains 6-10 spherical peas that are about ¼” wide.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizj9Mi2JkqZ99UzG32vi_Xg1mNJ9U-jU0vsR3Yqj2b6FBns_CZVDkc8hyphenhyphenVtsPG6Wvf4lj99Yg0byY6l8oxrIrcYTo_2u_D-0F8HMjLeFZ2YTQiXyAiaGs6Bdk1JD17PbbjooZdK0kJlS8/s1600/P1060145+Lathyrus+japonicus+fl.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizj9Mi2JkqZ99UzG32vi_Xg1mNJ9U-jU0vsR3Yqj2b6FBns_CZVDkc8hyphenhyphenVtsPG6Wvf4lj99Yg0byY6l8oxrIrcYTo_2u_D-0F8HMjLeFZ2YTQiXyAiaGs6Bdk1JD17PbbjooZdK0kJlS8/s1600/P1060145+Lathyrus+japonicus+fl.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Young Beach Pea flowers</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGO5gdbMdGOhUlpkeYlDP5oiT0F4I8lE1j0LRy5jeLBgpQC9HVFrkQHwI1XEqgNvOo57Sw6Vw6ydCnuRtcbgfXZd3GczzrsVvv8hIkEc8LQ0M88mTQXa0ppQjEgAak7AMfYiTy_gW85H4/s1600/P1240166+Lathyrus+japonicus++Beach+Pea+pods+Rosario+Beach.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGO5gdbMdGOhUlpkeYlDP5oiT0F4I8lE1j0LRy5jeLBgpQC9HVFrkQHwI1XEqgNvOo57Sw6Vw6ydCnuRtcbgfXZd3GczzrsVvv8hIkEc8LQ0M88mTQXa0ppQjEgAak7AMfYiTy_gW85H4/s1600/P1240166+Lathyrus+japonicus++Beach+Pea+pods+Rosario+Beach.JPG" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mature pods</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Beach Peas are also called Sea
Pea, Sea Peavine, and as all variations of the name suggests, are strictly
maritime. I typically find them growing in sand or gravel among driftwood, on
dunes among the seaward extent of the Dune Grass (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leymus mollis</i>), or more rarely on headlands. They can be found from
Alaska to California, across the Arctic, the North Atlantic, and even the Great
Lakes, as well Eastern Asia from China northward. Such a broad range is
explained by the plant's use of ocean currents for dispersal. The seeds float
and can remain viable in salt water for up to 5 years (</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176521/"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ohtsuki et al 2011</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">).</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOMP7LVpdutD71GgZ0huQVxFXFZkPeJhLfU_ddA4jszTzsrPHNd5bFxgNrH-0kNeAUzezL6VIImHTNZ8vZ4DFjh-AIDpRlJnzLfwmb4k-6ze5BmY6__xoTstSKI-NabXIXi47gNGp9OA4/s1600/P1240164+Lathyrus+japonicus++Beach+Pea+pods+Rosario+Beach.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOMP7LVpdutD71GgZ0huQVxFXFZkPeJhLfU_ddA4jszTzsrPHNd5bFxgNrH-0kNeAUzezL6VIImHTNZ8vZ4DFjh-AIDpRlJnzLfwmb4k-6ze5BmY6__xoTstSKI-NabXIXi47gNGp9OA4/s1600/P1240164+Lathyrus+japonicus++Beach+Pea+pods+Rosario+Beach.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beach Pea typically grows among driftwood on surf swept shorelines</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>Edibility </b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzMilD1ccJFUg3y84nP6Cgnjxs45pr9okDJKmuHsEU66cQtM-Wcgx275guJTPaQ78MVOCfDt7me8aYmLhV6iErw2QmfuVRxyQ7yfnjl82mtSbIpg2uNAJm_ZltH15HNmmSvSek-fLsPoo/s1600/P1070977+Lathyrus+japonicus+fr.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzMilD1ccJFUg3y84nP6Cgnjxs45pr9okDJKmuHsEU66cQtM-Wcgx275guJTPaQ78MVOCfDt7me8aYmLhV6iErw2QmfuVRxyQ7yfnjl82mtSbIpg2uNAJm_ZltH15HNmmSvSek-fLsPoo/s1600/P1070977+Lathyrus+japonicus+fr.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shelled Beach peas ready to cook</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Reputable foragers that say it is safe to eat Beach Pea in small quantities include Euell Gibbons (1964),
Sam Thayer (Personal Communication 2014), and Hank Shaw (</span><a href="http://honest-food.net/2013/08/22/the-myth-of-the-poison-pea/"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2013</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaw writes that the young shoots, flowers,
and peas of a variety of species in the genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lathyrus
</i>are edible. He goes on to explain that the rumors of toxicity can be attributed to Chickling Vetch (<i>L. sativa</i>), a cultivated species of the Old World. Scientific Studies have shown that people that rely on Chickling Vetch for a major part of their diet for several months (such as in times of famine) are prone to a muscle wasting disease called Lathyrism. Shaw concludes that <i>Lathyrus </i>peas when properly prepared and eaten as part of a balanced diet are perfectly safe.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">To harvest the peas, bring a good pair of scissors
since the stems holding the pea pods are often stronger than the roots, making
it easy to accidentally pull the entire plants from their loose substrate when
trying to break the pods from the stem. Once you’ve filled your basket, find a
shady place to shell peas and enjoy the sound of the waves crashing on the
beach. Though small, the peas can be efficiently shelled by tearing off the tip
and “unzipping” one side by pulling downward on the strong fiber that runs from
the stem to the tip; twist the pod slightly and it will pop open.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5SBXZgSc061FdJJX0SUsExsZabnsFN923ftpRr7x3yvapkskPL-ce0l5xKmsztxCBe_ywgfllE9poHvu6dPWX0qReuC6Hxw8UoII3LEkilbAWi-Kko8oz674H6cPizQBUsW0IRffxuY/s1600/IMG_0991+Lathyrus+japonicus+Beach+Pea+seeds.CR2" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5SBXZgSc061FdJJX0SUsExsZabnsFN923ftpRr7x3yvapkskPL-ce0l5xKmsztxCBe_ywgfllE9poHvu6dPWX0qReuC6Hxw8UoII3LEkilbAWi-Kko8oz674H6cPizQBUsW0IRffxuY/s1600/IMG_0991+Lathyrus+japonicus+Beach+Pea+seeds.CR2" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boiled Beach Peas with fresh garnish</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">My first experience cooking Beach
Peas turned out to be a success. I boiled the peas in water for 5 minutes, and
then changed the water because I thought it smelled of volatile phytochemicals.
After another 5 minutes they were soft and smelled more food-like, so I
strained and rinsed them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Desiring an
authentic taste, I ate them plain. They have a thick, mushy texture and mild
flavor that is more similar to split peas than sweet peas. Beyond their
texture, there is nothing disagreeable about them and I think that they would
be delicious with a little butter and salt, or honey on a knife (Anonymous).</span></div>
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<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>Ethnobotany</b> </span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvYmuB_65g8JWXktatHKaq3FWCvWKeGZE4tdjHkI1CobKRMdMyjs8TSaARkvgx7Zw_AaYwbnCrt0BrkZwz8aOHY7J4Z1kBXUDCjt-YuUscMAutaJWOI38_cW7wm9PigopeilvR8Q3vNM0/s1600/P1170882+Lathyrus+japonicus+Beach+Pea+Chuckanut.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvYmuB_65g8JWXktatHKaq3FWCvWKeGZE4tdjHkI1CobKRMdMyjs8TSaARkvgx7Zw_AaYwbnCrt0BrkZwz8aOHY7J4Z1kBXUDCjt-YuUscMAutaJWOI38_cW7wm9PigopeilvR8Q3vNM0/s1600/P1170882+Lathyrus+japonicus+Beach+Pea+Chuckanut.JPG" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flowers and young pods</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Interestingly (and contrary to
the suggestion by Shaw that they were “used by all sorts of groups… from the
Eskimo to the Iroquois) the traditional use of Beach Peas for food by
Indigenous Peoples in the Pacific Northwest is poorly documented in the ethnographic
literature. Perhaps the best reference comes from one collaborator in Steven
Gill’s work with the Makah and Ozette. Makah elder Jim Tollerud said that
immature seeds are eaten as peas (Gill 1983, pg. 281). Unfortunately no further
details are provided. Erna Gunther did not even mention the plant in the <u>Ethnobotany
of Western Washington</u>. Nancy Turner provided a short account in her work
with the Haida (2010), Hesquiat (Turner and Efrat 1982), and Dididaht (Turner
et al. 1983), but in all cases it was lumped with Giant Vetch (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vicia gigantea</i>) by both name and use,
and was poorly regarded as a food. She wrote, “The ‘peas’ of these wild plants
were not generally considered to be edible, although Newcombe (1897, 1901)
reported that the seeds of young Giant Vetch were eaten, and Norton (1981) said
that several of her Kaigani consultants boiled and ate the peas [of Giant Vetch] after the pods were dried, although one woman said that they were
dangerous. Some Kwakwaka’wakw were also said to eat [Giant Vetch] (Turner 2010). </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">I could only find a few
ethnobotanical references in other parts of the plant’s range. The peas are
sometimes collected and eaten by the Ainus in Japan (</span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=RrYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=Ainu+economic+plants&source=bl&ots=eaq5NIZpew&sig=jOQj2AhJWckns8u11ZHTA_kiOuY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IR7IU4rrJ4-IogThyIKYCw&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=Lathyrus&f=false"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Batchelor and Miyabe 1898</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">) and the Iroquois traditionally
ate the stalks in the spring (Parker 1910 in </span><a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Ribes+divaricatum"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Native American Ethnobotany</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">). However, Shaw’s reference to the
use of Beach Pea among the Eskimo is doubtful. Following citations back from
Shaw to Moerman, I finally came to Anore Jone’s research with the In͂upiaq. In
her book “Nauriat Nigin͂aqtuat, Plants That We Eat,” she cites no In͂upiaq use
of Beach Pea as a food and cautions against eating it. However, she does
reference Euell Gibbons’ edibility claim, but suggests he is talking about a
different species (Jones 1983, pg. 141).</span></div>
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<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>Discussion</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">As an ethnobotanist, I trust the
cultural traditions that have evolved through careful observation and
stewardship of specific plants, landscapes, and watersheds for thousands of
years. With very few exceptions, the plants that were traditionally relished by
Indigenous cultures, I enjoy eating, and those considered poisonous, are
substantiated by chemical analysis. But what am I to do when a plant was
ignored?</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA1xRc93kccOWLH5dUavngODsLe9QBAUB1C9A_37EahCXIxFo0Ux50sh7mNhGDnEOyWHlaC-HQQ7Hw5c2jdn5Rvgzw7wb4lKgdjd2BKNRHNhxQw-IZZyDbIoDDO6uxHlIL4_TCZ6JOQkE/s1600/P1080156+Lathyrus+japonicus+Bamfield.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA1xRc93kccOWLH5dUavngODsLe9QBAUB1C9A_37EahCXIxFo0Ux50sh7mNhGDnEOyWHlaC-HQQ7Hw5c2jdn5Rvgzw7wb4lKgdjd2BKNRHNhxQw-IZZyDbIoDDO6uxHlIL4_TCZ6JOQkE/s1600/P1080156+Lathyrus+japonicus+Bamfield.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Beach Pea vine on coarse sand</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The cultural cold shoulder of
edible organisms isn’t without precedence among Indigenous societies in the
Pacific Northwest. Tasty mushrooms like chanterelles, morels, boletes, and
virtually every other edible fungi in our region were traditionally eschewed as
food. Some theorize that mushrooms were avoided because of the danger of
accidentally eating a poisonous one, but analogous dangers can be found in the
plant world. Two members of the carrot family present a poignant case in point.
The roots of Water Parsnip (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sium suave</i>)
were traditionally eaten, yet the plants look very similar to deadly poisonous
Water Hemlock (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cicuta douglasii</i>). Similarly,
grains were almost universally avoided in the traditional cuisine. The closest
things to grains that were eaten in this region are hazelnuts, acorns, and
pine-nuts. </span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLUveGmfeXDOmxstlyRXagn15ZaYo2xVIidkYui-Q25vDnjRCNb4YwCNMjkJG7pVDud6XKXfVG8trHMF2utFwYbw18OqPPDSfFcGq66OLS-ru4PHQBIvK-w96lm5bxR-qwbRXkS2WwlBc/s1600/P1060753+Lathyrus+japonicus+fl+Calvert+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLUveGmfeXDOmxstlyRXagn15ZaYo2xVIidkYui-Q25vDnjRCNb4YwCNMjkJG7pVDud6XKXfVG8trHMF2utFwYbw18OqPPDSfFcGq66OLS-ru4PHQBIvK-w96lm5bxR-qwbRXkS2WwlBc/s1600/P1060753+Lathyrus+japonicus+fl+Calvert+Island.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Very young Beach Pea pods</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">We are left with a number of possible
directions for exploring why the ethnographic record of Beach Pea is so scarce
in this region. Was Beach Pea ignored because it produces seeds, and cultural
groups along the Northwest Coast were typically not a seed-eaters (as I suggested
above)? Was it ignored because it is mildly toxic, or not very tasty (as others
have suggested and Hank Shaw disputes)? Or was it actually used, but of such
minor importance that it suffered an early death to the forces of colonialism
(like many root vegetables)? But what if Beach Pea isn’t actually native to the
Pacific Northwest? Indulge me as I explore the antiquity of Beach Peas in our
region.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaswWHKjnvZAqa4DLwyvx-QSJPaT3F9fLO-x_lb9IlYuLrbwobcRAiNJw-Ek0xjB5dA2iynOqcA7JQCfKmMJ3gUVurd-YJVMzEa8YygLrXfA5i4_bxaTEePiX0bFjb0GQ4l5tnTI5tTTQ/s1600/P1070533++Lathyrus+japonicus+fl+fr+Calvert+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaswWHKjnvZAqa4DLwyvx-QSJPaT3F9fLO-x_lb9IlYuLrbwobcRAiNJw-Ek0xjB5dA2iynOqcA7JQCfKmMJ3gUVurd-YJVMzEa8YygLrXfA5i4_bxaTEePiX0bFjb0GQ4l5tnTI5tTTQ/s1600/P1070533++Lathyrus+japonicus+fl+fr+Calvert+Island.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Nearly every taxonomic authority
in the Pacific Northwest assumes Beach Pea to be native to the West Coast but they
have all drawn from the limited and haphazard nature of herbarium data. In
fact, the first wave of botanists to explore the region did not observe Beach
Pea. Archibald Menzies, the naturalist aboard Captain Vancouver’s ship, did not
note the plant during his extensive travels through the Puget Sound, around
Vancouver Island, and further northward along the Coast in the 1790s (Newcombe
1923). Similarly, Lewis and Clark, who spent a considerable amount of time on
the Pacific Coast making salt during the winter of 1805-06, made no mention or
collection of Beach Pea (Moulton 1999). The first possible written records come
from David Douglas (1914, pgs 139 and 282) in 1825 and 1827, and these are a
little problematic as he just labels them “Lathyrus sp.” and mentions “thick
rhizomes that were eaten by the Natives,” which doesn’t quite fit this plant and is almost certainly Lathyrus littoralis.
It wasn’t until 1854 or 1855 that the ethnographer George Gibbs noted the plant (Suckley and Cooper 1860), and the last quarter of the 19<sup>th</sup> Century that botanists
such as Howell, Suksdorf, and Piper made collections of Beach Pea (WTU
Herbarium). We can’t conclusively say if it was absent prior to 1850, but there
is certainly room for speculation.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy-C_ze92wifN7KvVWs7MzR_j9EQ4m47x4Rv5zT6Q1NIWEbMiT5vhuNF0u41Cez3VaEtrvcmBZeqdD63I7PcfNNLeApG85iGVJx5YloYe46-4Riay1y_d-ywZNUxtub6s67tLxALu4NpM/s1600/P1160688+Lathyrus+japonicus+Beach+Pea+Portage+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy-C_ze92wifN7KvVWs7MzR_j9EQ4m47x4Rv5zT6Q1NIWEbMiT5vhuNF0u41Cez3VaEtrvcmBZeqdD63I7PcfNNLeApG85iGVJx5YloYe46-4Riay1y_d-ywZNUxtub6s67tLxALu4NpM/s1600/P1160688+Lathyrus+japonicus+Beach+Pea+Portage+Island.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Beach Pea vine on gravel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Indigenous societies in the
region are in a much better position than roving botanists to observe changes
in plant communities. Their cultural traditions are strongly rooted in place
and tied to the environment, and have been for countless generation. My experience
with elders such as my mentor Clan Chief Kwaxsistalla (Adam Dick) has given me
respect for both the depth and breadth of Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Not
only can Kwaxsistalla identify in two languages the fish, wildlife, and plants
of his homeland, but he also knows their life histories, anatomies, and habitat
preferences through personal experience and cultural teachings. His knowledge
is certainly better than any foreign naturalist ever could hope to acquire over
the course of a short expedition.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Probing these sorts of deeply
embedded ethnographic sources does hint at answers to our question. Nancy Turner,
in her work with the Hesquiat noted that her consultants only began seeing
Beach Peas in relatively recent times. They noticed that it came to their
beaches on driftwood from logging operations. Furthermore, the naming pattern
of Beach Pea in aboriginal languages is consistent with newly introduced
plants. Recently arrived plants are often given “cognate” or names that are
related to plants that they look like or are used in a similar way. Using
English examples, early settlers called many of the root vegetables that were
used by Native Americans “Indian potato” because the use and appearance of the
vegetable was similar to that of the potato. In the case of Beach Pea (and in
some cases also garden pea), it was given the same name as Giant Vetch (<i>Vicia
gigantea</i>) by the Haida (Turner 2010), Dididaht (Turner et. al 1983) and Hesquiat
(Turner and Efrat 1982). Perhaps the Hesquiats’ observation is true for our
entire region and Beach Pea is not actually native to Pacific Northwest, but
introduced early in the historic period.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Whatever the case, I aim to
continue experimenting with Beach Peas wherever I find them.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Anonymous, date unknown. “I Eat
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<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Turner, Nancy J. John Thomas,
B.F. Carlson, and R.T. Ogilvie 1983. Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of
Vancouver Island. Occasional Paper No. 23, British Columbia Provincial Museum,
Victoria BC.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">WTU Herbarium. Internet search of
the WTU Herbarium located at the University of Washington, Burke Museum. <a href="http://www.burkemuseum.org/herbarium">http://www.burkemuseum.org/herbarium</a></span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-35070950088549067492014-07-09T16:58:00.000-07:002015-03-12T10:18:44.456-07:00Coastal Black Gooseberry- A Ribes to rave about.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxGZYPfczWJRS1GyYHSt_a_nCK_cg14LOD89-SAxL12X3XqkAEutkSnUjwLA4uz82IjlUwnGyEZu23zYYII9icC1yqcctXyYv73BN-a7LvTD_V-aWzzvcCmQKDvp8omXJ9cH_bJGmzMQY/s1600/P1230709+Ribes+divaricatum+Coast+Black+Gooseberry+Spencer+Spit+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxGZYPfczWJRS1GyYHSt_a_nCK_cg14LOD89-SAxL12X3XqkAEutkSnUjwLA4uz82IjlUwnGyEZu23zYYII9icC1yqcctXyYv73BN-a7LvTD_V-aWzzvcCmQKDvp8omXJ9cH_bJGmzMQY/s1600/P1230709+Ribes+divaricatum+Coast+Black+Gooseberry+Spencer+Spit+cr.jpg" height="320" width="262" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ripe berries of Coastal Black Gooseberry</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In my estimation, the tastiest of
the many types of currants and gooseberries that are found in Western
Washington is Coastal Black Gooseberry (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ribes
divaricatum</i>). With smooth skin and tart flavor, they are a welcomed snack
whenever I can find them. Compare them to our region's other <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ribes </i>which all have either daunting
looking spines on the fruit, or strongly resinous flavor, and they have even
more appeal. </span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first time I laid eyes on
a Coastal Black Gooseberry was in June of 1997. My high school buddy, his dad,
and I were just getting started on an eight week canoe expedition through the
Broughton Archipelago off the Central Coast of BC. Part of our mission was to
supplement our diet with as much wild food as possible and we had only packed
starchy staples like oatmeal, rice, and beans to force ourselves to forage for
the balance of our diet. With little experience ocean fishing or collecting
seaweeds, I was keen to collect as many berries as possible, but little was ripe
beyond Salmonberries (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rubus spectabilis</i>).</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Red Huckleberries (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vaccinium parvifolium</i>) were starting to
blush when we paddled past the hope inspiring place name Berry Island to camp
at Mound Island. There along the edge of the white shell beach was a plant I
had never seen. I could tell it was related to Prickly Black Currant (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ribes lacustre</i>), but the stems weren’t
covered with fine prickles. Young berries were starting to form so I made a
note to look for it in the coming weeks.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A month later, when hunger had
honed our ability to pull Red Rock Crab out of the shallows barehanded, jig
Kelp Greenling without snagging, peal seaweed off the rocks, bake clams on the
fire, and find the best (by then ripe) berry patches, we returned to Mound
Island to check on those gooseberries. Sure enough, they were ripe and we
happily added the large black berries to our morning mix of rolled oats and
mashed Salal berries. It was a perfect combination.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It wasn’t until much later that I
learned the full name of that gooseberry, and ever since then, I’ve always greeted
it like a friend that treated me lavishly during hard but transformative times.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBbeCoBj2RaoA_u9CovK4AHVKqTV-v8rL3Qim-DD0MI0Vll2BWCR-YUia-pBEHsi1SoBHLBSWJIYttcs7BDFLYxZzGjlVHYNlSwAd0MNftk9mQYoyKTjdeYe5w9Od4FZFaBHfa3MBWU0/s1600/P1230716+Ribes+divaricatum+Coast+Black+Gooseberry+Spencer+Spit+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBbeCoBj2RaoA_u9CovK4AHVKqTV-v8rL3Qim-DD0MI0Vll2BWCR-YUia-pBEHsi1SoBHLBSWJIYttcs7BDFLYxZzGjlVHYNlSwAd0MNftk9mQYoyKTjdeYe5w9Od4FZFaBHfa3MBWU0/s1600/P1230716+Ribes+divaricatum+Coast+Black+Gooseberry+Spencer+Spit+cr.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A small Coastal Black Gooseberry on Lopez Island</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2nBG-nHoC1XLQJJDQSQW29YRrLnVehWkW6liO194z1g0DAQ5MT9BCNAXWDIUqYV0HvR_WOjhfGpaNcAl5la1XB6Qg47EfE4YPp_eIAOXCBbKkn1aCsifbtQ2_A7F2G6y9qMZmHzosGRA/s1600/P1060060+Ribes+divaricatum+Calvert+Island+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2nBG-nHoC1XLQJJDQSQW29YRrLnVehWkW6liO194z1g0DAQ5MT9BCNAXWDIUqYV0HvR_WOjhfGpaNcAl5la1XB6Qg47EfE4YPp_eIAOXCBbKkn1aCsifbtQ2_A7F2G6y9qMZmHzosGRA/s1600/P1060060+Ribes+divaricatum+Calvert+Island+cr.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the hairy styles that are fuzed at the base</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Coastal Black Gooseberry is a
small hairy and armed shrub that normally grows 3-8 feet tall. The red-gray
barked stems have up to 3 stout spines at the base of each leaf and normally
lack prickles. The ¼-1 inch long spines are initially green, but redden in
their first year and fade to orange or tan in subsequent years. Leaves are covered
with fine hairs; petioles are ½-1 inch long; and leaf blades are maple shaped
with 5 rounded and toothed lobes, the central being the largest and the lateral
being the smallest (and sometimes absent). Flowers are solitary or born on 1-2
inch long racemes of 2-4 flowers; pedicels and peduncles are sparsely covered
with gland tipped hairs or smooth. Each flower has 5 green-red sepals that
usually curve backwards; petals are pinkish-white with a broad tip; the 5
stamens are white or pink, twice as long as the petals; the 2 pistils are
covered with fine long hairs where they styles are fused, but are hairless
where they split apart near the tip. Berries are purplish black when ripe, round, smooth, and
5/16-7/16” wide with withered flowers persisting on the tips.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpgPzMYE5mwWZnM8Sr_BzTjS8Z3waL7elhxOM1ZwC_yEKLUF9qAkUOs_L8tfHdWUwIjEgqCO6G25mRkAF0kIQ0reOAD0KtLVn2k406yc9RZ17eJAmR3X1zzRqV-mDCPBQKy0pgQs8fx8o/s1600/P1060059+Ribes+divaricatum+fl+Calvert+Island+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpgPzMYE5mwWZnM8Sr_BzTjS8Z3waL7elhxOM1ZwC_yEKLUF9qAkUOs_L8tfHdWUwIjEgqCO6G25mRkAF0kIQ0reOAD0KtLVn2k406yc9RZ17eJAmR3X1zzRqV-mDCPBQKy0pgQs8fx8o/s1600/P1060059+Ribes+divaricatum+fl+Calvert+Island+cr.jpg" height="230" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A range of flowers and young Coastal Black Gooseberry fruit</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNPNiEh4yBn-kf_6i0rzGtgtqrhePHqEjRTWcfoPfJ6OSM3BKsIshhrBgTYU__ntQdrMzoxaPX20Yhfbn-5bbhKNAfVA99O_B86YZE9trCZq7OrdD0yhXgST6DyM0gLB8F1SJZJ9LVGTc/s1600/Ribes+divaricatum+range+CPNWH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNPNiEh4yBn-kf_6i0rzGtgtqrhePHqEjRTWcfoPfJ6OSM3BKsIshhrBgTYU__ntQdrMzoxaPX20Yhfbn-5bbhKNAfVA99O_B86YZE9trCZq7OrdD0yhXgST6DyM0gLB8F1SJZJ9LVGTc/s1600/Ribes+divaricatum+range+CPNWH.jpg" height="320" width="244" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Range map courtesy of CPNWH</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the name suggests, Coastal Black
Gooseberry thrives near the ocean. I see it most frequently on backshore dunes
and rocky bluffs within a stones throw of the saltchuck, but it also grows in
open woods at low elevations. It is found from Bella Bella on the Central Coast
of BC southward to Los Angeles with only a few populations east of the
Cascades, most notably near The Dalles in north central Oregon.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The berries of Coastal Black Gooseberry
are traditionally eaten fresh and occasionally cooked, juiced, sauced, or dried
into cakes by virtually all Indigenous people that inhabit the plants range
(<a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Ribes+divaricatum">Moerman</a>).
The Kwakwaka’wakw—who steward the lands and waters around the Broughton
Archipelago where I first learned this plant—traditionally gather the berries
while they are still green by beating the bushes with sticks and nocking the
fruit onto mats. They are eaten fresh, boiled and slathered with eulachon
grease, and more recently with milk and sugar (Turner and Bell 1973).</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5zHsHTS1-wENuKZ0tU9lGekUJN27hZOXn46CR24wrTyoiyyBEk_QncZXAmRFmsP1xx_AV9omKB2Enq7vs_hz8Qf2lfsb_i82RTnBdBLd3Mz-Ix7pbfboj6p0a4azTioijZcMTnMyqsYs/s1600/Ribes+divaricatum++07+Hopetown+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5zHsHTS1-wENuKZ0tU9lGekUJN27hZOXn46CR24wrTyoiyyBEk_QncZXAmRFmsP1xx_AV9omKB2Enq7vs_hz8Qf2lfsb_i82RTnBdBLd3Mz-Ix7pbfboj6p0a4azTioijZcMTnMyqsYs/s1600/Ribes+divaricatum++07+Hopetown+cr.jpg" height="320" width="290" /></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The species epithet <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">divaricatum</i> comes from the English word
“divaricate,” meaning forked, branched or spreading, probably in reference to
the berries which are often found in clusters of two, the large spreading thorns, or the shrubs which can spread and form extensive colonies. Coastal Black Gooseberry
is also called Spreading Gooseberry, or Wild Gooseberry. There are two
named varieties: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ribes divaricatum </i>var.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parishii </i>or Parish’s Gooseberry is
found only in California, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ribes
divaricatum </i>var. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pubiflorum </i>or
Straggly Gooseberry is found in both California and Oregon.</span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-76484682189840161322014-06-09T12:44:00.003-07:002014-06-09T21:00:16.002-07:00Harvest Brodiaea<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQSeDYBaK3GCc20SxtnDtLl8gfnDKHm4I2VQRIfpbFH1QEc_LlDxUWDzWpF00nZCb-yapKEAJ40w_gYJqAigvHf5nfdONDHxSrVTrGFK7gfD0AtjAMAMUSlApWJnRXwvAfLc8EMYTzQXk/s1600/P1060132+Brodiaea+coronaria+Harvest+fl+bulb+Craft+Island+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQSeDYBaK3GCc20SxtnDtLl8gfnDKHm4I2VQRIfpbFH1QEc_LlDxUWDzWpF00nZCb-yapKEAJ40w_gYJqAigvHf5nfdONDHxSrVTrGFK7gfD0AtjAMAMUSlApWJnRXwvAfLc8EMYTzQXk/s1600/P1060132+Brodiaea+coronaria+Harvest+fl+bulb+Craft+Island+cr.jpg" height="260" width="320" /></a>The last camas flowers
have fallen, their green leaves withered, and the grass around them parched
golden under the long day’s sun. All around the Salish Sea the plants of thin soiled
sites are preparing for the dry summer by setting seed and retreating to subterranean
perennial parts. Visiting one such “bald” on an island at the mouth of the
Skagit River, I was surprised by a final flush of color. Amongst camas seed
pods, dry moss, and crisp licorice fern fronds were the vital tones of orchid,
orobanche, onion, and brodiaea.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLN3Ol8xu3lJ0xNvaPNHkf0aFfFHmv8WuGL0PgmfDtJRw6Zdpz57HQfKwiPMRmLK5PBk_F8n66Wxbw1LHdjnvXsVCU9zWY1mG-UskMp9FU27pl5JrySInNZfp6iJiRf6XJpZFJmXlRHg8/s1600/P1060094+Orobanche+californica+Craft+Island+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLN3Ol8xu3lJ0xNvaPNHkf0aFfFHmv8WuGL0PgmfDtJRw6Zdpz57HQfKwiPMRmLK5PBk_F8n66Wxbw1LHdjnvXsVCU9zWY1mG-UskMp9FU27pl5JrySInNZfp6iJiRf6XJpZFJmXlRHg8/s1600/P1060094+Orobanche+californica+Craft+Island+cr.jpg" height="169" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">California Broomrape (<i>Orobanche californica</i>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYASZhDCcQZG-szAm3UJ7KmHpktHyBvTUxWMwQ58QXhshlVoJcVe_5mcD9RFGxnuGcgBwKeN9eYd7n4a_acJ5gqkgcpheQiBfpRfEicL4eyRWYkWSprtM9N_Shtl8u8rHcw6BTJ2ecKhk/s1600/P1060115+Allium+acuminatum+Hooker%27s+Onion+Craft+Island.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYASZhDCcQZG-szAm3UJ7KmHpktHyBvTUxWMwQ58QXhshlVoJcVe_5mcD9RFGxnuGcgBwKeN9eYd7n4a_acJ5gqkgcpheQiBfpRfEicL4eyRWYkWSprtM9N_Shtl8u8rHcw6BTJ2ecKhk/s1600/P1060115+Allium+acuminatum+Hooker's+Onion+Craft+Island.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hooker's Onion (<i>Allium acuminatum</i>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">White Brodiaea (<i>Triteleia hyacinthina</i>)</td></tr>
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Edible roots grace both onions
and brodiaeas, but I was especially keen to have my first taste of brodiaea. Both
Harvest Brodiaea (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brodiaea coronaria</i>)
and White Brodiaea (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Triteleia hyacinthina
</i>were present but I failed to bring my digging stick, and the White Brodiaea
were too deeply rooted to extricate with my fingernails, so this account is
limited to the more shallow rooted and easy to, Harvest Brodiaea.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Harvest Brodiaea (<i>Brodiaea coronaria</i>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Harvest Brodiaea is an herbaceous
perennial that grows from a small spherical to ovate corm ¼ - ½ inch in
diameter. Several linear basal leaves emerge early in the spring and a single
leafless flowering stalk 2-12 inches tall arises as the soil begins to dry in
late spring and the leaves wilt. One to ten flowers are clustered in an
umbel that is subtended by the remnants of the papery sheath which protects the
embryonic flowers (similar to onion flowers) but ruptures as the flowers mature.
Each flower is 1-2 inches long with 6 blue to purple tepals and a greenish
white striped tube. Seed capsules filled with black seeds form in the early
summer and the seeds are shaken out of the capsules by heavy wind or animals. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Northern range of Harvest Brodiaea (CPNWH map)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Harvest Brodiaea ranges
from southern Vancouver Island to Southern California and has the largest range
of the 19 species in its genus (all in Western North America). The Comox valley on Vancouver Island is the
northern extent of its range and it is commonly found in prairies and thin soiled
rocky balds throughout the islands and mainland region surrounding the Salish
Sea. Further from the coast Harvest Brodiaea is less common, but a few
populations are found in the Thompson and Fraser River valleys in British
Columbia, the rocky slopes of the upper Skagit (Ross Lake) and Thurston County outwash prairies in
Washington; the Lower Columbia and Willamette valleys in Oregon host
sporadic populations as well. From the Siskiyous southward, Harvest Brodiaea
once again becomes more common and can be found in both wet and dry sites
including yellow pine forests, riparian wetlands, and grasslands. </div>
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At the time of first
European contact, the Coast Salish collected Harvest Brodiaea. Captain George
Vancouver’s naturalist Archibald Menzies wrote in his May 28, 1792 journal “On
the Point near the Ship [Restoration Point, Puget Sound] where…a few families
of Indians live in very Mean Huts or Sheds formed of slender Rafters &
covered with Mats. Several of the women were digging on the Point which excited
my curiosity to know what they were digging for & found it to be a little
bulbous root of the liliaceous plant which on searching about for the flower of
it I discovered to be a new <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Genus</i> of the
Triandia monogyna [i.e. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brodiaea</i>].
This root with the young shoots of Raspberries & a species of Barnacles
formed at this time the chief part of their wretched subsistence (in Pojar and
Mackinnon 1994)." However, there is almost no mention of the traditional food
value of Harvest Brodiaea among later ethnobotanical studies of the Coast
Salish (Turner and Bell 1971) or Indigenous peoples in British Columbia or Washington. Knowledge of other brodiaea species ranges from vague
recollections of use among the Thompson (Turner et al. 1990) and Okanagan
(Turner et al. 1980) to precise knowledge and active harvest among some Sahaptin
people (Hunn 1990). </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A lineup of Harvest Brodiaea corms</td></tr>
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Further south, the
ethnobotanical knowledge of Harvest Brodiaea is more vivid. In Oregon, several Athabaskan speaking peoples know the plant as 'small camas' due to the similarity in appearance and use (<a href="http://ethnobotanywesternoregon.wordpress.com/2012/05/28/harvest-lily-brodiaea-coronaria/" target="_blank">Ethnobotany of Western Oregon</a>). In California, the corms are
traditionally eaten by the Atsugewi, Miwok, Pomo, Kashaya,
Yurok, Yana, and other Native American groups (<a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl">Moerman</a>). Research by
ethnobotanist Kat Anderson (2005) has shown that traditional techniques of
harvesting and tending patches of brodiaea and onions actually increases their
abundance. By all accounts, the roots of Harvest Brodiaea are dug in the late spring while flowering and boiled or baked in earth ovens before being eaten.</div>
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I boiled a few corms for
10 minutes in unsalted water to give myself an unadulterated taste of the
little morsels. They quickly softened and I found their texture and flavor very similar
to a boiled potato. The skins were tough and I spit them out. All the remaining
roots went into the garden to multiply for future meals.</div>
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The genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brodiaea</i> honors Scottish Botanist James
Brodie (1744-1824) and the species epithet <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coronaria</i>
means “used for garlands” in Latin. I can't think of a nicer garnish for my next meal of brodiaea.</div>
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Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>References</u></b><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anderson, M. Kat 2005. "Tending the Wild, Native
American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural Resources."
University of California Press, Berkley CA.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Biota of North American Program (BONAP)- <a href="http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Brodiaea">North American
Plant Atlas- Brodiaea</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Calflora- <a href="http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=1171">Brodiaea
coronaria</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria- <a href="http://www.pnwherbaria.org/data/results.php?DisplayAs=WebPage&ExcludeCultivated=Y&GroupBy=ungrouped&SortBy=Year&SortOrder=DESC&SearchAllHerbaria=Y&QueryCount=1&Genus1=Brodiaea&Species1=coronaria&IncludeSynonyms1=Y&Zoom=4&Lat=55&Lng=-135&PolygonCount=0">Brodiaea
coronaria</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ethnobotany of Western Oregon- <a href="http://ethnobotanywesternoregon.wordpress.com/2012/05/28/harvest-lily-brodiaea-coronaria/" target="_blank">Harvest Lily (Brodiaea coronaria)</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hoover, Robert F. 1939. “<a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2420336?uid=3739960&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104277719963">A
Revision of the Genus Brodiaea</a>.” American Midland Naturalist Vol. 22, No.
3.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hunn, Eugene 1990. <i>"Nch'i-Wana</i> 'The Big River',
Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land." University of Washington Press,
Seattle WA.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Native American Ethnobotany- <a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl" target="_blank">Brodiaea coronaria</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Oregon Flora Project- <a href="http://www.oregonflora.org/atlas.php">Brodiaea coronaria</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pojar and MacKinnon 1994. “Plants of the Pacific Northwest
Coast, Washington, Oregon, British Columbia, & Alaska”. Lone Pine,
Vancouver BC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Turner, Nancy J. and Marcus Bell 1971. "The Ethnobotany
of the Coast Salish." Economic Botany.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Turner et al. 1990. "Thompson Ethnobotany, Knowledge
and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia." Royal
British Columbia Museum Memoir No. 3.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Turner, Nancy J., Randy Bouchard, and Dorothy I. D. Kennedy.
1980. "Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia
and Washington." British Columbia Provincial Museum Occasional Papers
Series No. 21.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
WTU Herbarium- <a href="http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Page=plantkey.php">Brodiaea
coronaria</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-32193121592775141602014-05-26T15:16:00.001-07:002014-05-28T10:16:08.414-07:00Yellow Bell<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYqAWes97ZtxDxBQsNGUzqUUAcjghmSz6xKjgqt7yCNET4a40xr-q5B4gXQQWs2sou_ij37ZSwYmZCq8TSAz1eZh4Mb-B-a1KY9Js_MYn5ZugNTXmmsoS9h7wfXd64oRkbYTaLstjEoN0/s1600/P1100487+Fritillaria+pudica+Ritter+Blue+Mountains.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYqAWes97ZtxDxBQsNGUzqUUAcjghmSz6xKjgqt7yCNET4a40xr-q5B4gXQQWs2sou_ij37ZSwYmZCq8TSAz1eZh4Mb-B-a1KY9Js_MYn5ZugNTXmmsoS9h7wfXd64oRkbYTaLstjEoN0/s1600/P1100487+Fritillaria+pudica+Ritter+Blue+Mountains.JPG" height="200" width="133" /></a>The Methow Valley in
north central Washington is a paradise of plants that explodes with color
during the short period between the bitter cold winters and the dry dusty
summers. For the last several years on mother’s day weekend, Katrina and I have
traveled over the Cascade Crest to explore eastside edibles, hunt for morels,
and participate in the Sunflower Run. The snowpack on Highway 20 was so deep
this year that it took crews until May 8<sup>th</sup> to clear the road. Similarly,
the wildflowers were delayed in their phenology. I had the pleasure of catching
the Yellow Bells (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fritillaria pudica</i>)
in bloom for the first time in the Methow Valley, and got my first taste of
this delicate but filling root vegetable.</div>
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<br />
<br /></div>
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiePA0hJhKvwdL-sVWZP1oQanA7biRNL2gFkHuP-YOUdM0un4p_1drDjhW1EgbMe960Uo4fgCRntsWlu8MHgcZ1KSWlCQ5FLkppSCTSKrWB5tur1lvGCS2g-sitLVwuP_07TozUC_KTtds/s1600/P1160994+Fritillaria+pudica+Yellow+Bell+seed+pod+Mazama+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiePA0hJhKvwdL-sVWZP1oQanA7biRNL2gFkHuP-YOUdM0un4p_1drDjhW1EgbMe960Uo4fgCRntsWlu8MHgcZ1KSWlCQ5FLkppSCTSKrWB5tur1lvGCS2g-sitLVwuP_07TozUC_KTtds/s1600/P1160994+Fritillaria+pudica+Yellow+Bell+seed+pod+Mazama+cr.jpg" height="200" width="164" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Immature seed capsule</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcjOwmkguLD10x4A8jxKuZPr2MEk57IthIP_sPZxWYoFLckKjsDenefst16jqyPNoz4RP5U7a7-iPZawO0xHS85qD50XhlGszybn5WLjutbNIyzI609QotLIyCPOJYcqv7cQCaW1nQpuQ/s1600/P1160995+Fritillaria+pudica+Yellow+Bell+Root+Mazama+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcjOwmkguLD10x4A8jxKuZPr2MEk57IthIP_sPZxWYoFLckKjsDenefst16jqyPNoz4RP5U7a7-iPZawO0xHS85qD50XhlGszybn5WLjutbNIyzI609QotLIyCPOJYcqv7cQCaW1nQpuQ/s1600/P1160995+Fritillaria+pudica+Yellow+Bell+Root+Mazama+cr.jpg" height="190" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yellow Bell bulb with bulblets</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
It is easy to see that
Yellow Bell is closely related to two edible lilies found on the west side.
Like Chocolate Lily (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fritillaria affinis</i>)
and Northern Riceroot (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">F. camschatcensis</i>),
Yellow Bell has a bulbous root that is surrounded by numerous bulblets that
resemble grains of rice. These break off easily while being dug by bears,
rodents, humans, and other animals, and are an important mechanism of plant
regeneration. The large central bulb begins to push up a sprout when the first
fall rains moisten forest openings in the pine forests, but this sprout stays
far enough below the soil surface to avoid damage from the ensuing bite of winter
cold. With a head start on the spring, the plant grows rapidly as soon as the
snow has melted and takes advantage of the ample soil moisture to sprout an
upright stem with 2-8 sporadically arranged narrow leaves, and 1-3 hanging
bell-shaped flowers that emerge yellow and age to a bright orange. The
petals blush and fall away quickly after the flowers have been pollinated (hense the species epithet <i>pudica </i>meaning "shy" in Latin) and the stems straighten
to produce upright cylindrical seed pods that split into three chambers and disperse
flattened seeds.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxXLyjyMgPznZSFg1dGdMYmrju-zbRNCbf0m4DnPAmDvZzsLFop9cRYOcBZwiL7l5hIxswYh4xCMRCfStxuhjKpLNXsPowFLIk2VoCy-hGohsPsL7x1eDK-mJLbB2QcQMXYkNfadQO4P4/s1600/P1230412+Fritillaria+pudica+Yellow+Bell+Early+Winters+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxXLyjyMgPznZSFg1dGdMYmrju-zbRNCbf0m4DnPAmDvZzsLFop9cRYOcBZwiL7l5hIxswYh4xCMRCfStxuhjKpLNXsPowFLIk2VoCy-hGohsPsL7x1eDK-mJLbB2QcQMXYkNfadQO4P4/s1600/P1230412+Fritillaria+pudica+Yellow+Bell+Early+Winters+cr.jpg" height="226" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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Yellow Bell grows in
shrub-steppe and mixed coniferous forests at low to mid elevations. They can be
found east of the Cascade crest from Kamloops Lake in southern British Columbia
southward to the Klamath Mountains and Modoc Plateau in northern California. They
are also found sporadically throughout the Rocky Mountains south of Kimberly BC
to northwest Colorado. The eastward range extends through
Montana and a few places in North Dakota.<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhldtvyTeM7zDww9BaKOuIeYK4okJNCf7PFB9eXZqbAjvCtEkjAY4JGfyy37UhLARvtV3T5b_tAXi6UWvbspHNDlTNjcLl83BwWhiKbtdr1R2eDKsrjFnDiRR-XXW3kk3Gx3mShvXr96YY/s1600/P1230414+Fritillaria+pudica+Yellow+Bell+Early+Winters.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhldtvyTeM7zDww9BaKOuIeYK4okJNCf7PFB9eXZqbAjvCtEkjAY4JGfyy37UhLARvtV3T5b_tAXi6UWvbspHNDlTNjcLl83BwWhiKbtdr1R2eDKsrjFnDiRR-XXW3kk3Gx3mShvXr96YY/s1600/P1230414+Fritillaria+pudica+Yellow+Bell+Early+Winters.JPG" height="320" width="181" /></a>Yellow Bells are probably
a traditional food among all the Native American tribes that share the plant's range.
The Nlaka’pamux (Thompson), Shuswap, Syilx (Okanogan), Spokan, Paiute, Blackfoot,
and Ute ate the bulbs fresh, steamed, or boiled (<a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl">Moerman</a>). The Nlaka’pamux and
Sylix welcomed the flowers as an early sign of spring, and immediately
collected the bulbs (Teit 1930) along with those of Glacier Lily (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Erythronium grandiflorum</i>); these roots
were often steamed in an earthen pit for 15 minutes and then sun dried on mats
for use throughout the rest of the year (Turner et al. 1980; Turner et al.
1990).</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mt. Potato (left) and Yellow Bell (right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Challenged by my camping
companions to produce a wild food meal, I set out with my diggings stick to
locate some Yellow Bells. I found them growing abundantly in an open Ponderosa
Pine and Douglas Fir forest with Mountain Potatoes (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Claytonia lanceolata</i>). Since they are relatively shallow rooted plants, I was
able to dig both species out of the gravelly soil quickly. To ensure future harvests, I
replanted the flat rootlet-covered disc at the base of each Yellow Bell bulb as well as all the small
bulblets that easily broke from the main bulb. After 45 minutes, I had about 15
Yellow Bell bulbs and 50 Mountain Potato tubers- enough for a meal. Yellow Bell bulbs are the shape of pattypan squash and have a starchy bland
flavor when raw. I boiled them with the Mountain Potato tubers, roasted
sausage, and some wild rice that I had brought along, and seasoned the broth
with freshly harvested Bare-stem Desert Parsley (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lomatium nudicaule</i>)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>leaves.
Cooked, Yellow Bell bulbs are slightly sweeter than raw and have a smoother, corn starch texture. Though I only had time to harvest enough for a single serving,
the soup was a hit and everyone got a taste.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A lineup of Yellow Bell bulbs, the one on the left still has the basal disc attached</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Yellow Bells have a
similar nutrient profile to a potato but have 50 percent more protein, six
times as much calcium, and nearly 30 times more iron (Norton et al. 1984). At
64 calories per 100g fresh weight, Yellow Bell bulbs have more caloric value
than Common Camas (61 cal/100g) but less than Northern Riceroot (98 cal/100g).
Yellow Bells are slightly higher in fat and much higher in calcium but lower in
carbohydrates than both Common Camas and Northern Riceroot (Kuhnlein and Turner
1991). </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u>Sources:</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Biota of North America
Program, North American Vascular Flora, North American Plant Atlas, <a href="http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Fritillaria%20pudica.png">Fritillaria
pudica distribution</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Calflora, Taxon Report
3641, <a href="http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3641">Fritillaria
pudica</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Consortium of Pacific
Northwest Herbaria, <a href="http://www.pnwherbaria.org/data/results.php?DisplayAs=WebPage&ExcludeCultivated=Y&GroupBy=ungrouped&SortBy=Year&SortOrder=DESC&SearchAllHerbaria=Y&QueryCount=1&IncludeSynonyms1=Y&Genus1=Fritillaria&Species1=pudica&Zoom=4&Lat=55&Lng=-135&PolygonCount=0">Fritillaria
pudica</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Kuhnlein, Harriet V. and
Nancy J. Turner 1991. “Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples,
Nutrition, Botany, and Use.” Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology,
Volume 8, Gordon and Breach Publishers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Moerman, Dan. “<a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl">Native American Ethnobotany</a>”
University of Michigan Herbarium.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Norton, Helen H., Eugen
S. Hunn, C. S. Martinsen, and P. B. Keely 1984. “Vegetable Food Products of the
Foraging Economies of the Pacific Northwest.” Ecology of Food and Nutrition,
Volume 14, pages 219-228.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Teit, James 1930. “Ethnobotany
of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia.” Annual report of the Bureau of
American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, US
Government Printing Office, Washington DC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Turner, Nancy J. Randy
Bouchard, and Dorothy Kennedy 1980. “Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville
Indians of British Columbia and Washington.” Occasional Paper Series No. 21, British
Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria BC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Turner, Nancy J.,
Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, and Annie Z. York 1990. “Thompson
Ethnobotany, Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British
Columbia.” Royal British Columbia Museum Memoir No. 3. Victoria, BC.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-69479826006696928242014-04-17T14:44:00.001-07:002014-05-12T14:04:23.809-07:00Bitterroot Mts live up to their name.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
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</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb1G-yyzNXX5fv3SOd9Vm4efZs8Wrk2GTAKGp3JUOXa8nzi7WY9tW_gx0QYOwbC8gWXcvO_YxV2fVpez-bKXsuYCM4FEWJL40bVPaoAl1g3Cs7VVHvgagTsdnySzReAYvi_XVDPUPuuMk/s1600/P1220670+Lewisia+rediviva+Bitterroot+Missoula.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb1G-yyzNXX5fv3SOd9Vm4efZs8Wrk2GTAKGp3JUOXa8nzi7WY9tW_gx0QYOwbC8gWXcvO_YxV2fVpez-bKXsuYCM4FEWJL40bVPaoAl1g3Cs7VVHvgagTsdnySzReAYvi_XVDPUPuuMk/s1600/P1220670+Lewisia+rediviva+Bitterroot+Missoula.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The branching taproot of Bitterroot</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
A few weeks ago Katrina and I
traveled to Missoula for the Northwest Scientific Association Conference. She
presented her Master’s research and we both attended several great talks
related to fire ecology, wetlands, climate change, and bryology. We made a
point of leaving some time to explore the dry slopes around Missoula for early
spring edible roots. In particular, I was keen to find Bitterroot (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lewisia rediviva</i>), and a type of biscuit
root called Cous Root (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lomatium cous</i>),
since both are traditional root vegetables of major importance to Native
Americans throughout the dryland forests of Columbia River watershed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibpFKSZ4O46l7J48X5eC-pkTxtwEBySNMm1CdLyBw2N9cqtPQTuOWnOVv55VNpCel_8Y6LlFBPV1Wp3dPeE4jKLvON3vEBA38GLZqnA37852Yo243_OGOUVxyAXmvDg1_eVOu4rmnxrcw/s1600/P1230408+Lewisia+rediviva+Bitteroot+Methow+Valley.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibpFKSZ4O46l7J48X5eC-pkTxtwEBySNMm1CdLyBw2N9cqtPQTuOWnOVv55VNpCel_8Y6LlFBPV1Wp3dPeE4jKLvON3vEBA38GLZqnA37852Yo243_OGOUVxyAXmvDg1_eVOu4rmnxrcw/s1600/P1230408+Lewisia+rediviva+Bitteroot+Methow+Valley.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The large Bitterroot flowers range from pink to white.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRIjCOxQ2KkR4GiLieAYcS-jW2KQjMQtiyVtmvN2W7Q5XfYS64hyUfeXmnStPDQjOcbt4jjOXTxc_CH9_OW4aB54Z8rOKiZDH2rIKIJJUz4WKYXAeD2Qe-R7XFpHsUWNqrvYneD0QmAhU/s1600/P1220697+Allium+sp.+Missoula.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRIjCOxQ2KkR4GiLieAYcS-jW2KQjMQtiyVtmvN2W7Q5XfYS64hyUfeXmnStPDQjOcbt4jjOXTxc_CH9_OW4aB54Z8rOKiZDH2rIKIJJUz4WKYXAeD2Qe-R7XFpHsUWNqrvYneD0QmAhU/s1600/P1220697+Allium+sp.+Missoula.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wild onions</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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When we arrived in
Missoula, the north slopes of all the surrounding mountains were still covered
with snow from a late winter blizzard. I was worried that we were too early and
the plants would still be dormant, but just like in the Cascades, the perennial
roots had quickly sprung up after the snow melted. It even snowed a few inches
one morning, but hastily melted in the afternoon, further coaxing the precocious
leaves of Wild Onions, Camas, Bitterroot and Cous Root from their wintery
reserves.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgidBgL4Ij_q6QofUwNGg74VOL7y0Me0Ng_fpHdN0bVxvOJrBD0Ddg9rHgUvNw5-G-5avp4IJS6JSxHrq3Y3LVwkBVve-zr60eqHu0BfsTxorLGqca51xcbnVHBvgAGU78BBg61Iuet43k/s1600/P1220698+Lomatium+cous+Missoula+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgidBgL4Ij_q6QofUwNGg74VOL7y0Me0Ng_fpHdN0bVxvOJrBD0Ddg9rHgUvNw5-G-5avp4IJS6JSxHrq3Y3LVwkBVve-zr60eqHu0BfsTxorLGqca51xcbnVHBvgAGU78BBg61Iuet43k/s1600/P1220698+Lomatium+cous+Missoula+cr.jpg" height="320" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A small thick Cous Root</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Both Bitterroot and Cous Root seemed to prefer to grow in
rocky meadow soil. They take advantage of the moisture from snow melt and
flower very early in the season, but I was even earlier. No sign of the huge
pink Bitterroot flowers were visible yet and the plant's presence was only discernible by small tentacle like leaves. Cous Root produces
leaves and flowers at nearly the same time, but both were still in the early
stages of unfurling. Soil that probably becomes dry and impenetrable later in
the year yielded to my digging stick and I pried out several starchy roots of
both species, quickly realizing why Indigenous harvesters of these roots
employed narrow tipped digging sticks that easily pierce tough soils and slide
between rocks. These roots were smaller than I had imagined, but they were also
more abundant than I thought they would be.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYysI6iFjEY-YB6wo5cRA4ZxyLGwV6DMU2lHYENXyIFQ1XaD4FEL_j7w7hW8oH0AkaKrlHxLt2gYQSz3A5ovichLqykQjIGQAiT8QSv8SfEciPHaQzWT42Q7FXMlzHTGZwrGvy04FLF_o/s1600/Lomatium+cous+distribution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYysI6iFjEY-YB6wo5cRA4ZxyLGwV6DMU2lHYENXyIFQ1XaD4FEL_j7w7hW8oH0AkaKrlHxLt2gYQSz3A5ovichLqykQjIGQAiT8QSv8SfEciPHaQzWT42Q7FXMlzHTGZwrGvy04FLF_o/s1600/Lomatium+cous+distribution.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cous Root Distribution (CPNWH)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZVsOLWSsMnv8CN8MBygIMaLSMWEvi22FRQp28su1KNUzjPuwe-HeCR6ZGT_JjLtMJI2YDAXd2QtSaadQy0GnJGQQ0XxAEp7cP6R0ARXZgRDSj0zGSFODnrg3iUR6FhFpEhGD2mr6Ypew/s1600/P1220699+Lomatium+cous+Biscuitroot+Missoula.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZVsOLWSsMnv8CN8MBygIMaLSMWEvi22FRQp28su1KNUzjPuwe-HeCR6ZGT_JjLtMJI2YDAXd2QtSaadQy0GnJGQQ0XxAEp7cP6R0ARXZgRDSj0zGSFODnrg3iUR6FhFpEhGD2mr6Ypew/s1600/P1220699+Lomatium+cous+Biscuitroot+Missoula.JPG" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Emerging flowers and leaves</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Cous Root is a sparsely leaved
yellow flowered tap rooted herbaceous perennial. Blue-green Tri-pinnately
compound leaves arise basally, or from the bottom of the flowering stalk; leaflets
are elliptic and up to 15 mm long; the base of the leaf petioles are broad and flattened, red or
streaked with red, and wrap around the flowering stalk. Yellow flowers emerge in a
compound umbel with or shortly after the leaves on a 10-35 cm long stalk; each
umbel is comprised of 5-20 rays (stalks) that are 1.5-10 cm long at maturity. Well-developed
involucel bractlets that are 2-5 mm long subtend each cluster of flowers, but
an involucre (bracts below the larger compound umbel) is absent. The short taproots
often have tuberous enlargements. Cous Root grows in open dry meadows in rocky
soil in southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon, Idaho, western Montana, and
northern Nevada.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghY-nGTeoRhl3I0_Kar2tdZOVeZ26lk80nHHv4Dw9b2BwEzXFXsZ7s51uhg-r8hYjSh0OiSMrdEYx5VKK57pGVJnzf9ebGreEd-6FFBJQohfQAzFKFHbpk2xDPR6Syw0_aEVRZceZ1yIg/s1600/P1220883+Lomatium+cous+Biscuitroot+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghY-nGTeoRhl3I0_Kar2tdZOVeZ26lk80nHHv4Dw9b2BwEzXFXsZ7s51uhg-r8hYjSh0OiSMrdEYx5VKK57pGVJnzf9ebGreEd-6FFBJQohfQAzFKFHbpk2xDPR6Syw0_aEVRZceZ1yIg/s1600/P1220883+Lomatium+cous+Biscuitroot+cr.jpg" height="165" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cous Root line-up</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5P8RlXEAQH1lBQkOjgYISse8n1p4nIPC5bVPwW4c5_tArxPoV6G81UFp2b7IHQp6t274srogTHN6zOEgbJSyhlfKOlbWwgaTrwaZsRPoF3aDgfFt0JU2HtHDLf6FYKX-Copt3QLtkFA/s1600/P1120543+Lomatium+cous+Traditional+Foods+Conference.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5P8RlXEAQH1lBQkOjgYISse8n1p4nIPC5bVPwW4c5_tArxPoV6G81UFp2b7IHQp6t274srogTHN6zOEgbJSyhlfKOlbWwgaTrwaZsRPoF3aDgfFt0JU2HtHDLf6FYKX-Copt3QLtkFA/s1600/P1120543+Lomatium+cous+Traditional+Foods+Conference.JPG" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rehydrated Cous Root</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Native Americans
throughout the plants range peeled and ate Cous Roots fresh or dried. Dried roots were often pulverized
into flour or meal and later boiled to thicken and flavor soups (<a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl">Moerman 1998</a>). The common
name and species epithet “Cous” comes to us from the Sahaptin word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x̣̣awš</i>, which is also written <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coush </i>(<a href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/24929/ECNO809.pdf?sequence=1">Hilty
et al. 1980</a>; Hunn 1990; <a href="http://www.npsoregon.org/kalmiopsis/kalmiopsis05/ettinger_harless.pdf">Ettinger
and Harless 1995</a>). Eugene Hunn writes that Native Americans living along
the Mid-Columbia traditionally harvested as much as 60 bushels or Cous,
Bitterroot, and other spring root vegetables every year. Some, such as my
friend Heather, still harvest Cous and Bitterroot every spring. Cous is dug after
the seeds have formed in late March or April at lower elevations and as late as
June at higher elevations. At this time the bark is easy to peel from starchy
roots (Hilty et al. 1980).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKUQP-sZ0ZsXXdYf4UWmz-Aei1S6XfWfIT-egZ8hOgO8gcOZPG0Onwr_6EzQnwQ7bgcLDeGXnqOKrrteItf261iBxwbOQrNUpMXa7mYT6wyuacDpqNdmD6XkRRWe-aRCRZCSYR3um9cF4/s1600/Lewisia+rediviva+distribution+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKUQP-sZ0ZsXXdYf4UWmz-Aei1S6XfWfIT-egZ8hOgO8gcOZPG0Onwr_6EzQnwQ7bgcLDeGXnqOKrrteItf261iBxwbOQrNUpMXa7mYT6wyuacDpqNdmD6XkRRWe-aRCRZCSYR3um9cF4/s1600/Lewisia+rediviva+distribution+map.jpg" height="144" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bitterroot Distribution (CPNWH)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyEsBkkEcf2dEKcrSHE0QQYTvBOvk_ZTR5tqNng51RrloVsRUgX1jsKfcDM1ttShjDvGbzIW2mrXsfwnn2VUZEnNrOebdXJojhxde4hdQZuqJf1WdyVDisPKrDEVgJVKJNADXPwyodzrY/s1600/P1220668+Lewisia+rediviva+Bitterroot+Missoula.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyEsBkkEcf2dEKcrSHE0QQYTvBOvk_ZTR5tqNng51RrloVsRUgX1jsKfcDM1ttShjDvGbzIW2mrXsfwnn2VUZEnNrOebdXJojhxde4hdQZuqJf1WdyVDisPKrDEVgJVKJNADXPwyodzrY/s1600/P1220668+Lewisia+rediviva+Bitterroot+Missoula.JPG" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bitterroot prior to flowering</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Bitterroot is a very
small herbaceous perennial with a proportionately large flower. Small linear
leaves arise in the early spring in a basal rosette; each leaf is 1-5 cm long
and 2-3 mm with a thick fleshy consistency and blue-green color that makes them
resemble sea anemone. In May or June large white, pink, or purple flowers emerge
singly or in clusters of 2-5 on short stems. Branching taproots 5-10 cm long reach
into the gravely or rocky soil that they inhabit. Bitterroots grow in sagebrush
plains and open forests in the mountains east of the Cascade Crest in southern
British Columbia southward to California and eastward to Montana and Wyoming.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDJvKbK-euzobjJ2_ePnBerTDPeW4xsWsXU2Uuqn8Z_kj6eTifFatl3gyk-OcD-xUmWKdKngllLybs3AWPDg4al_4OrrG50TVhTmadrIzSxcTcaEJyo-Z7cas2vPw7cLwU-3w8DbJcT9w/s1600/P1220704+Lewisia+rediviva+Bitterroot+Missoula.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDJvKbK-euzobjJ2_ePnBerTDPeW4xsWsXU2Uuqn8Z_kj6eTifFatl3gyk-OcD-xUmWKdKngllLybs3AWPDg4al_4OrrG50TVhTmadrIzSxcTcaEJyo-Z7cas2vPw7cLwU-3w8DbJcT9w/s1600/P1220704+Lewisia+rediviva+Bitterroot+Missoula.JPG" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A small but stout Bitterroot</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Peeled and dried Bitterroot</td></tr>
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Like Cous, the roots of
Bitterroot were universally eaten by Native Americans wherever they were found.
The skin of the roots is exceedingly bitter thus leading to the common name,
but traditional harvesters deliberately harvested the roots in the spring
before they flowered when the skins easily slip off yielding a starching root that only has the slightest hint of bitterness.</div>
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<br /></div>
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I've transplanted both species into pots in my back yard so that I can continue my experiments with these tasty roots without having to drive over the mountains.</div>
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<b>References</b></div>
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Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria (CPNWH). <a href="http://www.pnwherbaria.org/" target="_blank">http://www.pnwherbaria.org/</a><br />
<br />
Ettinger, Marjorie L.
and Susan E. Harless 1995. “Warm Spring Reservation of Oregon: Botanical
Descriptions and Floral Checklist.” Kalmiopsis. <a href="http://www.npsoregon.org/kalmiopsis/kalmiopsis05/ettinger_harless.pdf">http://www.npsoregon.org/kalmiopsis/kalmiopsis05/ettinger_harless.pdf</a></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Hilty, Ivy E. Jean H.
Peters, Eva M. Benson, Margaret A. Edwards, and Lorrain T. Miller 1980.
“Nutritive Values of Native Foods of Warm Spring Indians.” Extension Circular
809, Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis Oregon. <a href="http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/24929/ECNO809.pdf?sequence=1">http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/24929/ECNO809.pdf?sequence=1</a></div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Hunn, Eugene S. 1990.
“Nch’i-Wána: ‘The Big River’, Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land.” University
of Washington Press, Seattle WA. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2Nx1guRPcu8C&q=Lomatium+cous#v=onepage&q&f=false">http://books.google.com/books?id=2Nx1guRPcu8C&q=Lomatium+cous#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Moerman, Dan. “Native
American Ethnobotany” database. University of Michigan, Dearborn MI.</div>
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<a href="http://herb.umd.umich.edu/">http://herb.umd.umich.edu/</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2337167780564646211.post-77243465061584302242014-03-01T18:52:00.000-08:002016-01-13T18:17:24.214-08:00Bigleaf Maple sap- running strong<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4BdzYmhqHJs5IDcAWMdFew4P3naMZIFx37eCtOzbpWY7CbqVfTpFPw_kIm-qwwQJn9oawon5h_P1ZAnSs-sXZjhAqPuY39eix_rOP7G6gCep6LVLQE5U9QhamxPUm7wTbxCNmHJiBUnk/s1600/P1220303+Bigleaf+Maple+tap+Acer+macrophyllum+sap+running+best+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4BdzYmhqHJs5IDcAWMdFew4P3naMZIFx37eCtOzbpWY7CbqVfTpFPw_kIm-qwwQJn9oawon5h_P1ZAnSs-sXZjhAqPuY39eix_rOP7G6gCep6LVLQE5U9QhamxPUm7wTbxCNmHJiBUnk/s1600/P1220303+Bigleaf+Maple+tap+Acer+macrophyllum+sap+running+best+crop.jpg" width="259" /></a>It snowed 8” in
Bellingham on Feb 23<sup>rd</sup> and for the last week, the Bigleaf Maple taps
have been running copiously. February 26<sup>th</sup> was the best day of the
year so far and I collected 66 gallons of sap. Stiff shouldered and sleepy, I
am beginning to learn what it means to work on a "sugar bush": repeated trips through
the forest hauling 40-60 lb containers of sap in each hand over rough terrain, followed by late nights tending the evaporator. I can’t
even keep up! With so much sap, I’ve had to fill every large cooking pot in the
house in addition to 50 gallons of storage capacity in the form of carboys and
plastic buckets. If this keeps up, I might have to upgrade to a 55 gallon drum. </div>
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</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm4iJ258mIw6qyKLXaLvlrKsqGDqd4YdPOYKtc8bK7PbNCGXRfLj0ZiU1OEgGnB9E8O8I3jwJKZ4UMQCxe6cHHxuhuEtw_ihzEjfW0jJfkGF5Il6DNekhC8GgJ1aetq1WmPu5QlV1j-GI/s1600/P1220333+Homemade+maple+syrup+evaporator+cr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm4iJ258mIw6qyKLXaLvlrKsqGDqd4YdPOYKtc8bK7PbNCGXRfLj0ZiU1OEgGnB9E8O8I3jwJKZ4UMQCxe6cHHxuhuEtw_ihzEjfW0jJfkGF5Il6DNekhC8GgJ1aetq1WmPu5QlV1j-GI/s1600/P1220333+Homemade+maple+syrup+evaporator+cr.jpg" width="236" /></a> </div>
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<br /></div>
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The homemade evaporator
has been performing admirably. With a backlog of sap, I have been boiling for 16
hours a day at an average rate of 1.5 gallons per hour. I have experimented
with a pre-warming container to try to improve my efficiency, but it I haven’t
yet worked out a system to keep the condensation that forms on the outside of
the container from dripping back into the evaporator tray.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlh-4H5LnCACJ8zGz0f8ES7oV0u25OrUNqMn-T7mLELT4iDkhKQrGpP7V2tmlWgXCakgbPqe6UWLYWvN9llIMu_YTfP0KhXxK4lxjYVfvm34NCJTvAAD9HjiprqhBgj9U1JwiPdMRVsMY/s1600/P1220322+Bigleaf+Maple+tap+Acer+macrophyllum+sap+running.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlh-4H5LnCACJ8zGz0f8ES7oV0u25OrUNqMn-T7mLELT4iDkhKQrGpP7V2tmlWgXCakgbPqe6UWLYWvN9llIMu_YTfP0KhXxK4lxjYVfvm34NCJTvAAD9HjiprqhBgj9U1JwiPdMRVsMY/s1600/P1220322+Bigleaf+Maple+tap+Acer+macrophyllum+sap+running.JPG" width="133" /></a>It is snowing again and
I expect another few days of sap flow before the season comes to a close. With
luck I will end up with more than a dozen quarts of syrup this year, five times
more than last year, and enough to replace sugar for most of our sweetening
needs this year. Some may say it is too much work for so little syrup, but the labor
is its own reward. My shoulders are getting stronger and I always smell like
maple steam and smoke - manly perfumes that draw Katrina closer when I crawl
into bed after midnight.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">© Wild Harvests 2011-2012. Wild Harvests by T. Abe Lloyd (http://www.arcadianabe.blogspot.com) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366.</div>T. Abe Lloydhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15355814866987311366noreply@blogger.com